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Water Coils Explained

MEP Academy Instructor
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Water Coils Explained

Water Coils Explained. In this presentation we’ll learn how coils are constructed and how to select coils for optimizing energy and performance. We’ll learn all the parts of the coil assembly so that you can discuss coils with anyone including engineers. We’ll look at Chilled water and Heating Hot Water coils. Coils can be found in Air Handling Units, Fan Coils, VAV Boxes and Induction coils to name a few. 

If you prefer the YouTube Video of this presentation then scroll to the bottom or clink on this link. Water Coils Explained.

Water Coil Construction
Water Coil Construction

Coils are used to transfer heat between two mediums, often water and air. Air passes over a coil and the water passing through the coil either absorbing or giving up its heat. The greater the temperature differential between the air and water, the greater the potential heat transfer.

Coils can be installed with just one or multiple coils in a stacked or side by side configuration within HVAC equipment or as part of a built-up system. Built-up systems are used on large projects and require special structural supports to hold them in place.

First we’ll cover coil construction. Most coils used in the HVAC industry are constructed using copper tubing ranging in size from 5/16” up to 1” O.D. You may find 5/8” to be the most commonly used size. The tubes go back and forth from one end and back again, each time they go up and back that is considered 2 passes, as the coil has traversed the face of the coil twice.

Rows of Coils

The tubing can have anywhere from 1 row of coils which is common in small VAV Boxes using reheat coils, all the way up to 12 row coils for larger chilled water systems.

By adding additional rows to a coil, you can increase the heat transfer capabilities if the fins per inch remain constant. But by increasing the number of rows in a coil, the pressure drop across that coil will increase also, causing the fan to work harder, we’ll discuss more about this later. 

HVAC Coil Construction - Rows of Coils and Number of Tubes on Face of Coil
HVAC Coil Construction – Rows of Coils and Number of Tubes on Face of Coil

To count the rows of coils there are several methods, first look at the end of the coil without the header and count the return bends or hairpins. The hairpins are 180-degree fittings that turn the flow back into the coil. Each hairpin accounts for two rows if aligned horizontally, so if you have two hairpin turns horizontally aligned, then you have a 4-row coil. If looking at the header, there would be one row for each header, which isn’t visible when looking directly at the end. 

The coil will be housed in a casing often constructed of galvanized sheet metal. Coil casing material can be galvanized steel, carbon steel, stainless steel, copper, or aluminum. Typical casing thickness for galvanized steel is 16 or 14 gauge. The casing is the structural support frame that holds the tubing.

Coil Fins

The coil tubing is covered with fins which increase the heat transfer surface to improve energy transfer from the air to the water in the coil.

In the HVAC industry coil fins are customarily made using aluminum, but are also available in copper, and in restricted sizes for stainless steel and carbon steel. The fins surface area increases the contact area of the air passing through the coil. This increases the efficiency of the coil. The thickness of the aluminum fin material is very thin and can range from 0.0045 to 0.016”.

HVAC Coil Fins
HVAC Coil Fins

The tubing slides through the openings in stamped sheets of metal that comprises the fins, acting as a guide. The fins are spaced close to one another, and the quantity is referred to as the fins per inch (FPI), or fins per foot (FPF). Coils can be provided with anywhere from 4 to 20 fins per inch. 

Remember the increased surface area, meaning more fins per inch, or more rows will increase the heat transfer capabilities but at the cost of fan energy. Coil manufactures software will pick the best coil, with the least number of rows to meet the project requirements.

The fins are provided in various patterns and configurations. The fins are attached by forcing a mandrel through the copper tubing, causing the tubing to expand and tighten against the fins.

Fin Attachment Method

This ensures a good bond between the tubing and the fin which creates good thermal conductance for heat transfer.

The fins surrounding the coils can be configured in various shapes from flat to corrugated.

Right-Handed or Left-Handed Coils 

Coils are considered left-handed or right-handed. The reason this is important is that when the coil is installed you want to make sure that the piping connections to the coil are on the correct side of the equipment to avoid extra piping.

Right-Handed and Left-Handed Coils
Right-Handed and Left-Handed Coils

This can be determined by standing in front of the coil looking in the direction of the airflow, with the air at your back. If the connection is on your right, then it’s considered a right-handed coil connection, and if it’s on the left, than its left-handed.

Coil Headers

Headers are provided for the supply and return connections to the coil which can be provided in materials such as copper, carbon steel, stainless steel, and red brass. Piping connections can be provided in both male or female threads, grooved, welded, or brazed/sweat. Male threaded connections are common up to 2-1/2”.

Coil Header Pipe Connections (Threaded, Grooved, Welded, Brazed/Sweat)
Coil Header Pipe Connections (Threaded, Grooved, Welded, Brazed/Sweat)

The header serves several purposes, one is to provide a method to connect all the individual tubes in the coil to one larger pipe, that can then be used to connect the system piping to one or more inlet and outlet connections. The header allows the water to be distributed to the smaller connecting tubes.

The term coil passes refers to the number of times water traverses from one end of the coil to the other, starting at the inlet. Going up and back would be one round trip and considered a 2-pass coil, once across and then the second pass would be returning.

The face area is considered that portion of the coil which air passes through. This would exclude the casing area. To calculate the face area of a coil you would measure the height and length from the inside of the coil casing. This is the area that the air travels across and is often referenced by the square feet of face area.

Coil Circuiting

Circuiting refers to the path of travel from when the water enters the coil until it leaves the coil. Starting where the tube or circuit attaches to the supply header and then travels back and forth through the coil until it attaches to the return header is considered a circuit.

Water Coil Circuits
Water Coil Circuits

The longer the path for the water, the greater the pressure drop and the lower the flow rate, which gives the water more time to absorb or reject heat to the air blown over the coil.

Coil Air velocity

The air velocity over the coil will affect the size of the coil and the HVAC equipment cabinet that the coil is installed in. The slower the velocity, the larger the coil and cabinet that houses the coil. The reason for slower velocities might be for energy savings by reducing fan size, but there will be a slight offset in additional pump and chiller energy. 

The air velocity is indicated in feet per minute (FPM) across the face area of the coil. This can easily be calculated if the CFM and the Face Area of the Coil is known. The following formula can determine the velocity.

Velocity = CFM (Ft3) / Face Area of Coil (Ft2) = FPM

Velocity = 10,000 CFM / 20 Ft2 = 500 FPM

We can also use this formula to determine the required face area of the coil. Taking our CFM and dividing it by our velocity.

Face Area of Coil (Ft2) = CFM (Ft3) / Velocity (FPM) = Ft2

10,000 CFM / 500 FPM = 20 Ft2 Face Area of Coil

Water Coil Comparisons and the effects of Air Velocity on Coil Area
Water Coil Comparisons and the effects of Air Velocity on Coil Area

If the velocity is too high then condensate can be blown downstream of the drain pan. Moisture carryover can leak out of the ductwork and cause damage to the building or within the air handler.

Cooling Coil Moisture Carryover
Cooling Coil Moisture Carryover

Coil Velocity and Flow

Water coils control capacity by modulating the flow or the temperature of the water entering the coil. When the temperature of the water is adjusted to track demand then the velocity or flow remains relativity constant. When flow is used to control capacity the velocity through the tubes will change when the control valve modulates the quantity of water through the coil. Some coil manufacturers suggest velocities from 1 to 12 feet per second.

When water velocities are too high there can be tube erosion, noise and high pressure drops. If velocities are too low, there could be tube fouling, air trapped in the coil, poor water distribution and the risk of freezing.

Less water is usually flowing in a Heating Hot Water coil as compared to a Chilled Water coil due to the different delta-t temperatures used in each system. Heating hot water systems use higher Delta-T’s allowing for lower flow volumes (GPM)

Water Coil Coatings

Coatings are provided to protect the coil from harsh environments, such as that encountered near coastal areas or offshore where the equipment is exposed to salt water. They’re also beneficial for harsh industrial environments such as oil refineries and electrical generation facilities.

Copper Tubing with Copper Fins for additional corrosion protection
Copper Tubing with Copper Fins for additional corrosion protection

After the coils are manufactured, they’re shipped to the coating factory where the coils are washed to remove any dust, dirt or residue from fabrication and transporting. Next, they’re rinsed in several baths of deionized water before they enter the coating tank. After the protective coating is applied the coil will go through several rinsing tanks or spray booths before entering a large oven to ensure that the coating is cured. The curing process ensures that the coating will adhere to the coil and prevent it from flaking off, pitting, while avoiding corrosion. The complete coil surface, fins and cracks and crevices will be covered with the coating, while still allowing air flow and heat transfer.

There is an option to provide an additional coating to protect against the UV rays of the sun, just like you might put on sunscreen before heading out for a day at the beach.

There is also the option of providing copper fins which adds another level of corrosion protection, but also adds additional cost. Another option for less sever applications would be to have just the fins precoated before assembling.

Bypass Air

A small percentage of air will bypass the coil and be untreated. This is a very small percentage that is based on how many rows and fins per inch the coil has. The amount of air that is bypassed is reduced when there is an increase in coil rows or fins per inch, or a reduction in air velocity. This accounts for less than 1% of the total air.

Coil Arrangement

Coils can be arranged within HVAC equipment or as stated previously, as part of a bult-up system. Coils can be before the supply fan which is called a Draw-Thru arrangement, or the coils can be after the fan in which it is referred to as a Blow-Thru.

Duct Mounted Coils

These coils are usually used for reheating and are installed in the ductwork feeding the zone. They can be attached to the ductwork with flanges or with a SMACNA standard S & Drive connection.

Venting and Draining

It’s important to provide a method of removing air from a coil and having the ability to drain the coil. A connection at the top of the header provides for the removal of air, while a connection at the bottom of the coil provides a method for draining. 

Coil Selection

Most coil manufacturers have coil selection software to quickly provide coil options on the entered design parameters. If an increase in capacity is needed, there are four common ways to achieves this. The first would be to increase the face area of the coil, next would be to increase the number of rows of coil, another would be to increase the number of fins per inch, and lastly provide closer tube spacing.

Coil Flow (Counter Flow or Parallel Flow)
Coil Flow (Counter Flow or Parallel Flow)

The counterflow coil arrangement is more efficient for a chilled water coil, with a supply temperature range of 42 to 44

HVAC Water Coils Explained

Calculating CFM or Velocity Across a Coil or in Ductwork

MEP Academy Instructor
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Calculating CFM or Velocity Across a Coil or in Ductwork

In this presentation we’ll learn how to calculate the Total CFM in a section of ductwork or moving across a coil or other piece of equipment. Then we’ll learn what happens to velocity when we try to reduce our ductwork without reducing or CFM.

If you prefer to watch the YouTube Video of this presentation, scroll to the bottom or click the following link. Calculating CFM Video

Here is the formula that is used to calculate CFM or Velocity.

CFM = Velocity x Area

CFM, which is “Cubic Feet per Minute” = Velocity which is shown in “Feet per Minute” multiplied by the Area which is shown in “Square Feet.”

A cubic feet of air is a slice of air one foot by one foot, by one foot deep, which might look like this cube.

For example, to determine how many CFM were flowing through a duct section we can do the following. First we would measure the width and height of the duct. Let’s say it was 36” x 24”. Next, we could use some form of anemometer to get an average velocity reading across the duct section. Let’s say the velocity reading is 450 feet per minute. Now we can solve for the quantity of CFM flowing through this section of ductwork using the following formula.

CFM = 450 ft/min x the area, which is 36” x 24”

We’ll need to convert our duct dimensions in inches, into square feet, because we are looking to arrive at cubic feet per minute.

36” x 24” = 864 in2

864 in2 / (144 in2/ft2) gives us 6 ft2

CFM = Velocity x Area
CFM = Velocity x Area

Now we can enter the total square feet into our formula.

CFM = 450 ft/min x 6 ft2 = 2,700 CFM

Now we can use another version of this formula to calculate for velocity when the CFM and Area are known.

Solving for Velocity

For recommended velocities in ductwork see ASHRAE’s handbook of Fundamentals. Depending on the noise criteria and where the duct is located the velocity for rectangular duct could be from 950 to 3,500 feet per minute.

ASHRAE Recommended Maximum Airflow Velocities
ASHRAE Recommended Maximum Airflow Velocities

What happens to the velocity if you reduce the size of the ductwork with the same CFM. Let’s say that we reduce the ductwork to 36” x 12” in order to get under a beam. The approximate velocity can be calculated with the same formula, except this time will keep the CFM constant and not worry about static pressure or other factors that may affect the outcome slightly.

Velocity = CFM (ft3) / Area (ft2)

Taking the known values of 2,700 CFM and the new duct area of 36” x 12” we can find the new velocity. First the duct area needs to be converted to square feet.

36” x 12” = 432” in2

432 in2 / (144 in2/ft2) = 3 ft2

Velocity = CFM / Area
Velocity = CFM / Area

The new duct is half the area of the previous duct size, but it is carrying the same CFM. So, what happens to the velocity going through the reduced duct size in relationship to the previous velocity. Our velocity was at 450 feet per minute, now with the same CFM but a smaller duct we get 900 feet per minute.

Velocity = 2,700 CFM / 3 ft2 = 900 FPM

The ductwork area was cut in half from 6 ft2 to 3 ft2, but the velocity doubled from 450 FPM to 900 FPM. You can see there is a direct correlation between CFM and Velocity when the size of the duct or coil is changed.

How to calculate CFM and Velocity

Outdoor Air Intake Locations & Air Classifications

MEP Academy Instructor
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Outdoor Air Intake Locations & Air Classifications

Outside Air Intake Locations and Air Classifications. In this presentation we’ll learn where outside air intakes can be located and why. We’ll learn what the four classifications of air are, and how they relate to outdoor air intakes, including their Minimum separation distances as shown in ASHRAE 62.1 Table 5-1.

If you prefer to watch the YouTube version of this presentation then scroll to the bottom or click on this link. Outside Air Intake Locations and Air Classifications

ASHRAE 62.1-2019 Air Classifications

ASHRAE ranks air according to the level of contaminants in the air and the level of sensory irritation. The classification extends from Class 1 which is considered low contaminant level, to class 4 which is highly objectionable. Class 1 is the cleanest air classification, while class 4 is the worst.

Classification of air ASHRAE 62.1
Classification of air ASHRAE 62.1

Class 1 Air with low contaminant concentrations, low sensory-irritation intensity, an inoffensive odor is suitable for recirculation or transfer to any space in classes 1 through 4.

Class 2 air can be recirculated within the same space of origin, or transferred to another Class 2 or 3 Space used for similar purposes or has similar pollutants. Class 2 air can be transferred to class 4 spaces. Class 2 air can’t be transferred to the cleaner class 1 air spaces. Air is almost always transferred from the cleaner space to the dirtier classification of air, unless some method of air cleaning is used.

Class 3 air can be recirculated only within the same space of origin, and can’t be recirculated or transferred to any other space. Class 4 air can’t be recirculated or transferred to any space.

According to ASHRAE 62.1 Table 5-1

Per ASHRAE standard 62.1 the following minimum distances need to be maintained from the location of any Outdoor Air Intake. A minimum distance of 25 feet (7.5 meters) needs to be maintained between an Outdoor air intake and locations where Buses park or idle. A minimum of 5 feet (1.5 meters) is required between intakes and driveways, streets or parking places.

Class 2 Air Outdoor Intakes and Others
Class 2 Air Outdoor Intakes and Others

Any Class 2 exhaust or plumbing vent terminating less than 3 feet (1 meter) above the level of the outdoor intake is required to be located a minimum of 10 feet (3 meters) away. Class 2 Air has moderate contaminant concentrations, mild sensory-irritation intensity, or mildly offensive odors. (Class 2 air also includes air that is not necessarily harmful or objectionable but that is inappropriate for transfer or recirculation to spaces used for different purposes.)

A plumbing vent terminating at least 3 feet (1 meter) above the level of the outdoor intake is required to be located a minimum of 3 feet (1 meters) away.

Continuing with ASHRAE Table 5-1, we have the requirement to keep Outdoor intakes a minimum of 25 feet (7.5 Meters) away from truck loading docks. A minimum of 25 feet (7.5 meters) must be kept between any highway with high traffic volume and an intake. 

Outdoor Air Intake Louver and Distances to Loading Dock, Trash, Parking and Heavy Traffic
Outdoor Air Intake Louver and Distances to Loading Dock, Trash, Parking and Heavy Traffic

All around the world offices, schools, homes, and hospitals are built near highways and major roadways. Pollution from traffic has been documented to cause serious health problems, from physical to cognitive. The level of pollutants from traffic varies based on proximity to road and level of traffic. There are two sources of contaminants from traffic, the tail-pipe emissions and the physical wear and degradation of brakes and tires. You could also include noise as having adverse effects on health. 

Any locations where trash is stored or picked up, including dumpsters will need to be at least 15 feet (5 meters) away from any outdoor intake.

If you have a Outdoor Air intake near a cooling tower than the requirements are that the tower basin or intake to the tower needs to be a minimum of 15 feet (5 meters) away from the Outdoor Air Intake. The discharge of the cooling tower needs to be at least 25 feet (7.5 meters) away.

Cooling Towers and Outside Air Intakes
Cooling Towers and Outside Air Intakes

Potential contaminant sources are restricted on how close they can be to an air intake based on their classification. Air is classified based on the source of the contaminant, from class 1 to class 4.

Here is a Class 3 exhaust shown the minimum distance of 15 feet (5 meters) away from this air handlers outdoor air intake. Class 3 is Air with significant contaminant concentration, significant sensory-irritation intensity, or offensive odor that is suitable for recirculation within the same space. Class 3 air is not suitable for recirculation or transfer to any other space.

Class 3 and Class 4 Air allowable distances to Outdoor Air Intakes
Class 3 and Class 4 Air allowable distances to Outdoor Air Intakes

There is a laboratory exhaust system in this building which is classified as Class 4 air, which means its minimum distance to intakes is 30 feet (10 meters). Class 4 Air has highly objectionable fumes, gases, or potentially dangerous particles, bioaerosols, or gases at concentrations high enough to be considered harmful. Class 4 air is not suitable for recirculation or transfer within the space or to any other space.

There is the requirement to maintain at least a 15 foot (5 meter) distance from a drive in queue to any outdoor air intake.

Outdoor Air Intake distance from Outdoor Air Intake Locations
Outdoor Air Intake distance from Outdoor Air Intake Locations

When locating outside air takes its important to consider the possible sources of contaminants from the surroundings. ASHRAE 62.1-2019 4.3 requires an outdoor air quality investigation be conducted and documented. The survey should document any observation of odors, irritants, visible plumes, visible air contaminants, and include description of sources of vehicle exhaust on site and from adjoining properties. 

ASHRAE Table 5-1 Air Intake Minimum Separation Distance

This table reflects the minimum distances that an exhaust or contaminant must be in reference to the outdoor air intake. There is an analytical method which can be used as an alternate procedure for determining separation distances between exhaust outlets and outdoor air intakes located in Appendix “B” of the standard.

Outdoor Air Intake Locations
Outdoor Air Intake Locations per ASHRAE 62.1 Minimum Separation Distances

Just because you maintain these distances doesn’t mean you will avoid entrainment, there is no magic to these distances. Other factors like wind direction and strength, building geometry and the exhaust design could have an adverse effect. 

Roof, Landscaped Grade, or Another Surface Directly Below Intake.

If you live where snow is common, then the intake will need to be designed with the distances calculated from the average snow level. This snow average snow depth will be considered the ground level for distance calculations.

Summary

It’s important that air intakes be located safely away from sources of contaminants that could affect the occupant’s health. Outdoor air intakes provide fresh air for building occupants. The location and design of these intakes needs to include protection from contaminants, weather, such as rain, snow, puddling of water, wind-driven rain, and snow.

Outdoor Air Intake and Air Classification

Energy Valve

MEP Academy Instructor
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Energy Valve

Energy Valve. In this article we’ll learn how an Energy valve works, how it saves energy, where it is used and how it can prevent the low Delta-T syndrome.

If you prefer to watch the YouTube Video of this presentation, then scroll to the bottom or click on this link. Energy Valve Video

Here is the Energy valve. It has an ultrasonic Flow meter that measure the flow (GPM) going through the piping. This gives us the GPM in our equation. Then we have temperature sensors on the supply and return piping to our heat exchanger or coil. This will give us the Delta-T in our equation.

Energy Valve with Ultrasonic Flow Meter and Temperature Sensors
Energy Valve with Ultrasonic Flow Meter and Temperature Sensors

With these two values the Energy Valves onboard controls logic can determine the energy, or the Q in our equation which is the BTU/Hour. This consumption of energy can be used to bill a tenant for their use of the chilled water or heating hot water system.

To adjust the flow or GPM, the Energy Valve will modulate the Actuator on the Control Valve. The GPM is adjusted to reach the Delta-T setpoint of  the Energy Value.

We can install these Energy Valves on the Coils feeding an Air Handling unit, and install Temperature sensors and the connecting cabling.

Air Handling Unit with Energy Valve
Air Handling Unit with Energy Valve

We can look at the difference between maintaining Delta-T with an Energy Valve and the traditional system. We converted our formula to solve for GPM. Using a heat load of 120,000 Btu/Hr. or 10-Tons, we get 15 GPM if the Energy Valve is maintaining the Delta-T at a setpoint of 16 degrees. The traditional system has slipped to a 6 degree Delta-T, requiring 40 GPM to get the required heat transfer. This additional GPM causes an increase in pump energy, and would require larger piping. The size of the piping for the Energy valve system would be 1-1/4”, while the traditional system would require 2” to match the same heat transfer quantity.

Comparison Between High and Low Delta-T Temperatures
Comparison Between High and Low Delta-T Temperatures

If the heat load drops to 36,000 Btu/Hr., which is 30% of the peak design load, then we get 4.5 GPM through the Energy Valve at a 16 degree Delta-T. The traditional system is requiring 12 GPM to get the required heat transfer. Saving energy requires managing the Delta-T through the heat exchanger so that the pumps and central plant equipment runs efficiently.

Reduced Flow to 30% of Design Peak Load
Reduced Flow to 30% of Design Peak Load

Air Handler Coils and Energy Valves

The Energy valve can be used with Air Handlers as shown here. The contractor installs the Energy Valve and a Temperature Sensor on the Chilled Water Supply piping. Connection can be made to a Building Management System for remote monitoring, data collection and programming.

Energy Valves installed on Chilled Water Coils of an Air Handling Unit
Energy Valves installed on Chilled Water Coils of an Air Handling Unit

Fan Coils and Energy Valves

The Energy Valve can be installed on Fan Coil Units also.

Energy Valves installed on Heating Hot Water Coils of Fan Coil Units
Energy Valves installed on Heating Hot Water Coils of Fan Coil Units

Chilled Beams and Energy Valves

The Energy Valve can be installed on Chilled Beams. The Valve can be installed on just about any coil or heat exchanger to manage Delta-T and avoid the Low Delta-T Syndrome.

Chilled Beams with Energy Valve
Chilled Beams with Energy Valve

Low Delta-T Syndrome

Tracking the Delta-T of the water being delivered to HVAC Coils is important in maintaining an efficient system. The valve tracks the current Delta-T and compares it to the set-point Delta-T to be maintained, making adjustments as required to keep it at minimum set-point or above. To increase the delta-T, the valve will throttle to lower the flow of water through the coil. This gives the water more time to transfer heat.

There is a large cost in electricity consumed to run chillers to make chilled water. This makes it important to use the energy consumption power of this water to its maximum ability, which will occur with a higher Delta-T. Higher Delta-T systems also use less pump energy, as more energy is removed in a smaller volume of water. A delta-T of 16 is much better than a delta-T of 5 or less. The energy valve manages Delta-T to maximize the energy use of the system. To avoid low flow situations, there is a minimum flow setting of 30% when using the Delta-T manager

If you have a low Delta-T then the water is passing through the coil to quickly, not allowing enough time for heat transfer to occur. By managing the delta-T, the energy valve can reduce the flow (GPM) through the coil allowing enough time for the water to consume heat from the heat exchanger. Better heat removal and increased efficiency.

Heat Removal and Increased Efficiency

If we look at the chilled water system serving a building, its purpose is to remove heat using as little energy as possible to do so. This requires that the chilled water carry as much heat as possible within each volume of water passing through the coil. In order to do this we need the water to increase in temperature as much as possible, this is indicated by the Delta-T, the difference in temperature between the chilled water supply and the return. A higher Delta-T requires less water to be pumped through the system, saving on pump energy. 

In order to avoid providing too much flow to a coil or heat exchanger, an energy valve can ensure optimization of system flow. By measuring the temperature of the supply and return system water, whether chilled water or heating hot water, the onboard software can optimize flow. Using ultrasonic technology the energy valve measures the flow through the valve. There is an option for the sensing of a system with glycol circulating through the valve.

With the flow and the temperature of the supply and return water circulating through the valve, calculating the total energy is a simple formula.

Q = 500 x GPM x Delta-T

Building Management System Integration

The valve has the capability to connect using Modbus and BACnet protocols, in addition to the capability to connect securely to the internet. This allows for monitoring of temperatures and flows, which can be used to bill tenants for energy consumption.

Remote Control and Monitoring of Energy Valve
Remote Control and Monitoring of Energy Valve

The valve logs the energy consumption for up to 13 months on the valve or for indefinitely when connected to the cloud. The control range signal is set at the default of 2 – 10 VDC.

How Energy Valves Work
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