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Refrigeration Technicians Best Tools

Refrigeration

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October 8, 2023

Essential Tools for Every Refrigeration Technician: A Comprehensive Review

Are you intrigued by the inner workings of refrigeration systems and the vital role they play in our everyday lives? Whether you’re an aspiring refrigeration technician or a seasoned pro, understanding the tools of the trade is essential.

In this comprehensive review, we delve into the top tools that every refrigeration mechanic should have in their arsenal. These tools are not mere conveniences; they are the very instruments that empower technicians to diagnose, repair, and maintain refrigeration systems efficiently and effectively.

1. Manifold Gauge Set: Refrigeration mechanics rely on manifold gauge sets to simultaneously measure high and low side pressures in refrigeration systems. These sets are like the eyes of the technician, providing critical insights into the system’s condition. By providing real-time data, refrigerant gauges are essential for diagnosing issues and ensuring optimal system performance.

List of Gauge Manifolds

1- Shikha 5 Foot (see image)

2- Fieldpiece SM380V

3- Testo 550’s

4- Lichamp Gauge Set

5- Yellow Jacket 42004

2. Vacuum Pump: A vacuum pump may seem unassuming, but its role is monumental. It evacuates air and moisture from refrigeration systems before the introduction of refrigerant, ensuring that the system operates efficiently without unwanted contaminants.

List of Vacuum Pumps

1- Xtremepower 3 CFM 1/4 HP (see image)

2- VIVOHOME 4 CFM 1/3 HP

3- Fieldpiece 6 CFM 1/2 HP

4 – Robinair 3 CFM 1/4 HP

5- OMT 4.5 CFM 1/3 HP

3. Leak Detection Tools: Finding elusive refrigerant leaks is a challenge without the right tools. Leak detection tools, including electronic detectors and bubble solutions, play a crucial role in environmental protection and system efficiency by pinpointing these leaks.

List of Leak Detectors

1- Elitech ILD-200 Infrared (see image)

2- Aprvtio ALD-200 Halogen

3- Inficon 705-202-G1

4- Fieldpiece DR82

5- Xetron CLD-100

4. Digital Multimeter: An HVACR technician’s electrical diagnostic prowess relies heavily on a digital multimeter. This tool measures voltage, current, and resistance in electrical components, making it indispensable for troubleshooting electrical issues.

List of Digital Multimeters

1- KAIWEETS Digital Multimeter (see image)

2- AstroAI TRMS 6000

3- AstroAI 4000

4- Astro 2000

5- Klein MM325

5. Pipe Cutters and Flaring Tools: Copper pipes are the lifeblood of many refrigeration systems, and pipe cutters and flaring tools ensure these essential components are accurately cut and shaped for the job.

List of Flaring Tools

1- Super Stars 1/4″ to 3/4″

2- Flexzion 3/16″ to 3/4″

3- Libraton 1/4″ to 3/4″

4- Rigid 41162 377 3/16″ to 3/4″

5- HAUTMEC 3/16″ to 3/4″

6. Pipe Benders: The importance of smooth, kink-free bends in copper pipes cannot be overstated. Pipe benders are the secret to achieving these precise bends without compromising the integrity of the pipe.

7. Thermometers and Thermocouples: When it comes to temperature measurement, accuracy is key. Thermometers and thermocouples help technicians monitor temperatures at various points in the system, assisting in both diagnostics and cooling optimization.

8. Tubing Tools: Properly preparing tubing for installation is a fundamental step in any refrigeration project. Tubing tools, such as deburrers and reamers, ensure that tubing is ready for action.

9. Hex Key Set: Hexagonal screws and bolts are commonplace in refrigeration systems. A set of hex keys is a technician’s trusty companion for swiftly disassembling and reassembling components.

10. Oil Pump and Oil Injector: Lubricating oil is the lifeblood of compressors. Oil pumps and injectors ensure that the compressor functions optimally by delivering the right amount of lubrication.

11. Torque Wrench: Precision matters in refrigeration systems. Torque wrenches guarantee that bolts and nuts are tightened to precise specifications, safeguarding components and maintaining proper seals.

12. Digital Scale: In the intricate world of refrigeration, precision is paramount. This is where a digital scale steps in as a silent but indispensable partner for refrigeration mechanics. Why? Because refrigerants, lubricants, and various chemicals must be added to systems with meticulous accuracy.

A digital scale ensures that the right quantities are added, helping maintain the system’s efficiency, performance, and, perhaps most importantly, the environment. It’s not just about getting the job done; it’s about getting it done right, and that’s where the digital scale shines. So, let’s weigh in on the importance of this often-overlooked tool in the refrigeration technician’s toolkit.

List of Digital Scales

1- Eiltech LMC-200A (see image)

2- Xetron High Accuracy

3- Eiltech LMC-300A

4- Yellow Jacket 68862

5- VIVOHOME Precision Electronic

These tools are the cornerstone of any refrigeration technician’s toolkit. Stay tuned as we dive deeper into each of these essential instruments, unveiling the art and science behind their usage, and why they’re indispensable for refrigeration technicians around the globe.

Air Filters vs COVID-19

MEP Academy Instructor

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September 4, 2023

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In this article we’ll answer a question that we get all the time. What filter, if any, can filter out the SARS-CoV-2 virus which leads to COVID-19, the disease? We’ll show you how efficient the different air filters are at filtering out various items for asthma and allergy sufferers, and the virus that leads to COVID-19.

If you prefer to watch the Video of this presentation, then scroll to the bottom or click on the following link. Air Filters vs COVID-19

The ability of an air filter to remove microorganism, dust, pollen, dust mites, mold spores, pet dander, bacteria and viruses is indicated by a numerical value. This number, which is indicated as a MERV rating, states the filter’s efficiency at removing various sizes of these items. We’ll show you which filters, if any, work the best to protect you from these potentially harmful organisms.

MERV Rating

Minimum Efficiency Reporting Values, or MERVs, indicate the filter’s ability to capture larger particles, those 0.3 microns and larger. The higher the numerical rating, the greater the air filter is at removing particles from the air stream. A MERV-13 is better than a MERV-11 filter at removing particles, but how good are they against bacteria and a very small virus that leads to COVID-19.

Virus and Bacteria Removal

According to ASHRAE, research has shown that the particle size of the SARS-CoV-2 virus that leads to COVID-19 is around 0.1 microns. This is much smaller than what may be picked up by these air filters. As this chart shows, the virus lives in the invisible region, while others like dust, cat dander and human hair are visible to the human eye.

Sizes of various items shown in Microns. Invisible items in black area on chart, including the SARS-CoV-2 Virus.

Luckily, the SARS-CoV-2 virus doesn’t travel through the air own its own. It rides on respiratory droplets and droplet nuclei (dried respiratory droplets) that are predominately 1 micron in size and larger. These filters have various efficiencies at capturing the viruses that are in the 1-to-3-micron range according to ASHRAE.

The SARS-CoV-2 virus riding a respiratory droplet in the 1 to 3 micron range

ASHRAE

As the chart shows, ASHRAE recommends using a minimum of a MERV 13 filter, which is at least 85% efficient at capturing particles in the 1 to 3-micron size range. A MERV 14 filter is at least 90% efficient at capturing those same particles. High-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters are even more efficient at filtering human-generated infectious aerosols.

MERV Rating and Air Filter Efficiency for Particle sizes 1 to 3 microns in size

By definition, a HEPA air filter must be at least 99.97% efficient at capturing particles 0.3 micron in size. This 0.3-micron particle approximates the most penetrating particle size (MPPS) through the filter. HEPA filters are even more efficient at capturing particles larger AND smaller than the MPPS. Thus, HEPA air filters are more than 99.97% efficient at capturing airborne viral particles associated with SARS-CoV-2 which leads to COVID-19.

Checkout these HEPA Filters for your Home or Office

HEPA filters can capture and trap microorganisms, including viruses and bacteria, helping to reduce the risk of respiratory infections. So, if possible, use the highest MERV rated air filter with your system, or get a portable HEPA air filter for your room or office. HEPA filters are the most efficient at capturing small microorganisms like the SARS-CoV-2 virus.

Where are HEPA Filters used?

HEPA air filters are used in residential, commercial, and industrial facilities. In homes there are portable types that can be moved from room to room, and others that can be installed in a central air conditioning system serving the whole house.

HEPA air filters are also used along with ULPA filters in cleanrooms, labs, and other spaces requiring a very clean environment.

Asthma and Allergy Management

For individuals with asthma, HEPA filters help reduce asthma triggers like airborne irritants and respiratory allergens. According to the Asthma and Allergy Foundation of America (AAFA), nearly 26 million people have asthma in the United States. There are 4.8 million children under the age of 18, and nearly 21 million adults suffering from asthma. On average, 10 people in the unites States die every day from asthma. A total of 3,517 deaths in 2021.

According to the AAFA over 100 million people each year in the United States experience various types of allergies. Allergies are the sixth leading cause of chronic illness in the U.S. HEPA filters are highly effective at removing allergens such as pollen, dust mites, and pet dander, providing relief to allergy sufferers.

Editorial Process:

Some of the links in this article may be affiliate links, which can provide compensation to the MEPAcademy at no cost to you if you decide to purchase. Our reviews and articles are made by an industry professional experienced in the engineering and construction of commercial buildings.

Air Filters vs COVID-19

HVAC Equipment Cost Database

MEP Academy Instructor

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May 10, 2021

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Are you paying too much for your HVAC equipment? How do you know if the quote you received for your equipment is a fair price? Do you have a method of comparing what you have paid for various HVAC equipment with what is being quoted currently?

Keeping track of the cost of HVAC Equipment allows you to quickly provide budgets and check the cost of equipment before you purchase. This database allows you to easily keep track of the most common HVAC equipment.

HVAC Equipment Cost Database

Using an HVAC Equipment cost database will save you a lot of money by avoiding the costly mistake of paying too much for equipment.

Air Conditioners price per ton and price per square feet historical equipment pricing database — Air Conditioners in Historical Pricing HVAC Equipment Database

Get your copy here. HVAC Equipment Cos t Database

The HVAC Equipment Cost database keeps track of all your equipment quotes or purchases for easy reference and parametric checks, such as cost per ton ($/Ton), cost per CFM ($/CFM)

HVAC Piping Unit Pricing

MEP Academy Instructor

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August 31, 2020

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For an HVAC Piping Estimators the need for quick budgets for the installation of piping is best handled with a spreadsheet of different material types and sizes. Having an estimating software program can make this process a lot easier, as the material pricing is always up to date and can be entered into the spreadsheet quickly. You can get a copy of this spreadsheet to help you price piping fast and efficiently.

HVAC PIPING UNIT PRICING

Often the requirements of the RFP or bidding instructions will call for the price per foot to install piping beyond that which is required by the contract drawings. Such pricing maybe used for change-orders. Having these numbers available and updated often also gives you a quick reference for budgeting projects. It’s good to know when doing job site comparisons of different piping options or during discussions with engineering, what the cost is for the various piping sizes and types of materials.

COST PER FOOT

The cost per foot for the installation of piping needs to include fittings and hangers prorated into the value. It’s best to look at a standard length of pipe and then figure that you will have a Tee and 90 degree elbow in that length.

So for example, using twenty feet of copper water pipe with a Tee and 90 degree elbow plus the hangers to build a unit price would represent a field condition of a fitting every ten feet.

For higher density projects like Hospitals you could put more fittings in your unit pricing. Total those cost up and then divide by 20 to derive at a cost per foot for that particular size and material type.

20 feet of pipe + 2 Fittings + 3 Hangers / 20 = Cost per Foot

If the piping is insulated, you can also put the values in for insulation.

The Estimating Wizard provides two spreadsheets for tracking unit pricing, one for HVAC Piping and the other for Plumbing piping. Get a copy and start tracking your cost per foot, or be prepared to give a quick budget based on your knowledge from your spreadsheet of unit prices. Watch the video below to see how quick and easy it is to track the cost per foot for various sizes and material types.

MEP Academy HVAC Piping Unit Pricing Spreadsheet

The MEP Academy provides a spreadsheet that makes calculating unit pricing simple. The spreadsheet is available by following this link, HVAC Piping Unit Pricing Spreadsheet

HVAC Piping Unit Pricing Calculator Example

In the screenshot above there is a place for you to build your hanger requirements (#1), and a place to put your tax rate and hourly labor rate (#2).

For each size of pipe and material type you would insert the unit cost for Material (#3) and Labor (#4).

Under item (#5) you would build your typical run of pipe and enter the quantity of fittings you might expect for the type of building and system. You would add whatever you think will be required for every so many feet of pipe. In the example above we are showing that for every 20 feet of pipe you will have 1 Elbow and 1 Reducing Tee.

Under item (#6) you would add the cost per lineal foot for insulation if required. You could also look at insulation as a separate value and leave the pipe bare.

Line item (#7) is where you indicate the hanger spacing, and for each hanger you defined under item (#1) you will get the quantity as defined by the linear feet in item (#5) divided by your hanger spacing, which will affect your cost.

Line item (#8) is the calculated cost per linear foot of piping for that size and material type of pipe.

Summary Sheet

After you have all your unit pricing information inputted into the spreadsheet, all you have to do to get a budget for installing piping is to enter the quantity of piping (#9) for each size and material type (#10). The system will automatically calculate the cost (#11) to install that run of piping based on your unit pricing data. The total cost will be shown at the top of the spreadsheet (#12).

Piping Unit Pricing Calculator Summary Page

You can get your copy here. HVAC Piping Unit Pricing Spreadsheet

AC Condensate Drain Sizing and Layout

MEP Academy Instructor

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August 17, 2020

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The proper sizing and layout of condensate drain lines is important for the protection of property and for the proper functioning of the air conditioning equipment.

If you prefer to watch our YouTube version of this presentation, scroll to the bottom.

Condensate Drain Pipe Sizing

The size required for the condensate pipe is dictated by the local code. Enclosed you will find the requirements for many local codes, but be sure to check your code for your local requirements. If the outlet size of the equipment’s condensate drain is larger than what’s shown in this chart then your required to use the larger outlet size.

Slope to be at least 1/8” per foot or 1 percent, that is for every 12” horizontally there must be at least an 1/8” drop vertically.

Condensate drain piping to slope a minimum of 1/8" per every 12" horizontal — Condensate drain piping to slope a minimum of 1/8″ per every 12″ horizontal

Attics or Furred Spaces

If the Air Conditioner is suspended above an inaccessible ceiling, such as a gypsum board ceiling or attic space then you will need to provide a means for protecting the building elements from the overflow of the primary drain and for indicating that there is a leak.

Also, drain pans that are poorly drained can cause water to stay in the pan risking the possibility of algae and bacteria growth. Below are some possible solutions, but as always check your local code for the approved method.

Option 1 – Secondary drain pan with drain piping. This would hang below the Air Conditioning unit in case the A/C units primary pan overflowed. Also, there is a requirement to provide secondary drain piping to a point of termination that would provide notification to the occupants that there is a leak, such as terminating above a window or doorway.

Option 1 - Secondary drain pan with piping terminating in observable location — Option 1 – Secondary drain pan with piping terminating in observable location

Option 2 – An additional drain pipe connection that sits above the primary drain connection and whereby the secondary drain piping terminates in a location to alert the occupants of the clogged primary drain.

Option 2 - Secondary drain piping connection to primary drain pan — Option 2 – Secondary drain piping connection to primary drain pan

Option 3 – Leak detection device that automatically shuts down the Air Conditioner if the primary drain becomes clogged.

Option 3 - Primary drain with leak detection device — Option 3 – Primary drain with leak detection device

Option 4 – Secondary drain pan with leak detection, located beneath the coil that shuts down the unit upon a leak.

Option 4 - Secondary drain pan with leak detection — Option 4 – Secondary drain pan with leak detection

The additional drain pan or drain pan connection shall be provided with a drain pipe that will determinate in an observable area, such as in front a window or above a doorway, and be of a size not less than 3/4”. Secondary drain pan shall not be less than 1-1/2” in height and extend 3” wider on each side of the coil or AC unit.

Secondary drain piping terminating above window. Pipe doesn't have to be visible as shown. — Secondary drain piping terminating above window. Pipe doesn’t have to be visible as shown.

Drain Termination

Where can and can’t you terminate the air conditioners condensate drain piping? There are several options where you can terminate the condensate drain line;

Indirect Drain
Condensate Pump to Indirect Drain
Drywell
Leach pits
Landscaped areas that are properly designed to handle the volume of condensate
To Properly designed stormwater treatment systems.

Indirect Drain

Lavatory tailpiece in the same tenant space as the air conditioner
Laundry standpipe
Janitors Sink
Inlet of Bathtub Overflow – Must be accessible
Collect and send to cooling tower (See description below)

Cooling Coil condensate to sink tailpiece.

The connection to a plumbing fixtures tailpiece has to be made within the same tenant space as the air conditioner cooling coil that is generating the condensate.

Drywell

A drywell can be used for the termination of your air conditioners condensate drain. Check your local code for the specifics, but generally it includes some or all of the following depending on whether it’s for residential or a commercial project:

A minimum size hole, such as 2 foot by 2 foot by 3 feet deep, or a round hole such as 12” diameter by 3 feet deep.
A minimum of 6” of soil or concrete shall provide cover above the rocks
Some form of barrier between the soil and the top of the drywell where the rock begins, such as building paper or plastic
Drywell to be filled with gravel or crushed rock, often with a stated minimum size rock such as 1 inch diameter
The termination of the condensate drain pipe shall connect indirectly to the drywell drain pipe.
The drywell drain pipe to be a minimum of 1-1/2” PVC or other approved material.
Drywell to be at least three feet away from the building structure or any footings.

Drywall for Air Conditioner Cooling Coil Condensate

There are various methods of providing drywells depending on the local code. There are prefabricated drywells that can be used and ones that are made by using a large diameter piece of PVC pipe or similar material.

Some codes will require you to collect the condensate from cooling coil drain pans and return it to the cooling tower if the equipment is served by a cooling tower and the total combined capacity of the HVAC cooling coils exceeds a certain amount like 65,000 btu/hr.

This is a water conservation measure, and there are some exceptions to this requirement, such as if the total capacity of the AC Equipment cooling coils are less than 10% of the total capacity of the cooling tower, or if the location of those AC Cooling coils are in a remote location, far from the tower.

Some locations where you can’t terminate condensate;

Public ways
Sidewalks
Driveways
Alleys

No termination of condensate on public area ways

Excluded from Code Requirements

Excluded from these codes are non-condensing type of equipment like radiant cooling panels that are designed to prevent condensate from occurring by keeping the temperature of the chilled water above the dew point temperature/vapor pressure of the surrounding air. These are system designed to operate in sensible cooling only modes.

Piping Material

The material types that can be used for condensate drain piping varies by jurisdiction but the most commonly cited materials are:

Copper
PVC – DWV
CPVC
ABS – DWV
Polyethylene
Galvanized steel
Cast iron.

Also the use of short radius 90-degree elbows are often prohibited. You can normally use standard fittings until you reach a certain size at which point you might be required to use drainage pattern fittings (DWV)

Traps

Traps are to be installed as required per the manufactures recommendation. No traps are required on the secondary drain pan, this is to allow immediate notification that the primary drain has failed.

Cleanouts

Cleanouts are required in case of plugged drain pipes. Provide as required to prevent the need to cut drain pipes for unplugging. Some of the following maybe used for cleanouts if approved by your local code authority;

Plugged tees
Union connections
Short clamped hoses at the unit (see image above)

When you have more than one air conditioning unit condensate tied to a main condensate pipe, then every change of direction shall have some method of cleanout. Check your local code as this maybe a requirement for even a single air conditioners condensate piping.

Condensate Pumps

Condensate pumps can be used to elevate the condensate vertically to a point where it will then discharge into a code approved gravity sloping condensate drain line. The condensate pump should be interlocked with the Air Conditioning Unit to prevent its operations if the condensate pump is inoperable.

Checkout these Condensate Pumps

Please remember that code requirements are always changing, so check for the most current code in your area at the time of design and installation. Or ask an inspector for the current installation practice.

Refrigerant Line Sets

Video of this Article

MEP Academy Estimating Spreadsheet

MEP Academy Instructor

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July 14, 2020

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Having an MEP Academy Estimating Spreadsheet that automates portions of your estimates, will save you valuable time that could be used to make more sales. All aspects of the cost of furnishing and installing an HVAC and/or a Plumbing system is contained in one spreadsheet made specifically for the MEP industry. For plumbing only see below.

For a Plumbing only Spreadsheet, use this Commercial & Residential Version. Plumbing Only. For a simple Residential HVAC & Plumbing Spreadsheet. Residential version.

Dashboard

The Main Dashboard provides you with all the information you need to make a quick decision on whether to make further adjustments, or if one of the metrics looks out of place based on historical data. The Dashboard gives you a quick overview of all that is going on within the Estimating Spreadsheet.

Estimating Dashboard within the MEP Academy Estimating Spreadsheet

Your MEP Academy Estimating Spreadsheet needs to be able to handle rental equipment, general conditions, subcontractors, piping and plumbing takeoffs, sheet metal, labor rate tables with crew mix capabilities, , and a bid summary. Each sheet in the estimating spreadsheet automatically calculates the values you enter, showing you a new total bid amount.

Will cover portions of the MEP Academy Estimating Spreadsheet starting at the back of the Excel spreadsheet and working our way toward the front summary page last.

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Labor Rate & Crew Mix Table

Choose your crew mix based on the level of experience and the different pay scales based on each project. Pick any combination and quantity of tradesman based on the requirements of the project.

Labor Rates and Crew Size within the MEP Academy Estimating Spreadsheet

There is a separate crew labor rate for HVAC Piping Shop & Field, Sheet Metal Shop & Field, and Plumbing.

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HVAC & Plumbing Equipment

Enter the project equipment price and labor to rig the HVAC and Plumbing equipment into place. Compare supplier pricing easily side by side. The MEP Academy Estimating Spreadsheet automatically selects the lowest bidder but lets you override that decision.

HVAC Equipment page within the Estimating Spreadsheet

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General Conditions

Do you need a jobsite trailer or onsite management? Enter the quantity and level of the staff required to run the project, whether one person or dozens. Set the quantity and duration of each general condition, along with the rate. General Conditions is broken down into three sections as follows: #1 – Management, #2 – Construction Office (Non-Reoccurring Expenses), and #3 – Construction Office (Reoccurring Expenses).

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HVAC & Plumbing Subcontractors

HVAC & Plumbing contractors often subcontract out for Air & Water Balance, Sheet Metal & Piping Insulation, Water Treatment, Building Automation, Excavation and other specialty trades that they don’t self-perform. This spreadsheet was made especially for the HVAC & Plumbing contractor and their most often used subcontractors.

Subcontractors – Rentals – GC’s – Engineering Pages

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Plumbing Fixtures

For those contractors that do plumbing the following Plumbing Fixture sheet will give you a place to record your vendors quotes and the labor it takes to install each type of fixture. What is also revealed is the overall cost per fixture.

Plumbing Fixtures page within the Estimating Spreadsheet

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MEP Specialty Sheets

Each trade has a specialty sheet for those items that aren’t considered equipment or a fixture, but for which there is a cost impact. The MEP Academy Estimating Spreadsheet includes Sheet Metal, HVAC Piping & Plumbing Specialty sheets.

HVAC and Plumbing Specialty Pages within the Estimating Spreadsheet

Specialty Sheet In Estimating Spreadsheet — Specialty Sheets in Estimate Spreadsheet

Material & Labor Summary Sheets

You will find a Sheet Metal, HVAC Piping & Plumbing material & labor summary sheets where all of the other specialty sheets are summarized for your review and last minute edits. Each sheet will be divided between field & shop fabrication work. The first section covers the field installation items.

Sheet Metal Material and Labor Summary – Estimating Spreadsheet

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Field Summary Section

This is where you will put your material takeoff information for the following:

Rectangular & Round Ductwork
HVAC Piping
Plumbing Piping

This is also where the other sheets that you filled out will be summarized, such as the following;

HVAC & Plumbing Specialties
HVAC & Plumbing Equipment Labor
Plumbing Fixtures

Material & Labor Summary Sheet in Estimating Spreadsheet — Material and Labor Summaries

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Each of the field labor summary sheets contain a row to add for the following

Material Handling
Consumables
Punch List
Cleanup
Detailing
Supervision

Shop Fabrication Summary Section

For those of you that have a fabrication shop, there is a section to add material and labor.

Rentals

For those HVAC air conditioning and Plumbing projects that require a crane, fork lift, scissor lift or any other equipment that you don’t own but will be required on the project. Having a spreadsheet that maintains a list of the most common equipment you normally rent along with their rental rate will save you time and money while avoiding having to call for pricing on every job.

Engineering

If you do your own design then you should have a sheet of each of the personnel responsible for spending time on the engineering task. If you’re doing design/build work, but don’t do the engineering yourself, but hire a third party, then you should add some engineering review time. It’s your responsibility to manage your third-party engineer to make sure they design within your cost parameters.

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Estimate Summary

All of your estimates are summarized on the last tab of the MEP Academy Estimating Spreadsheet for easy review. You can quickly scan each of the categories to see where all the project cost has shown up. There is the labor and material summary for HVAC Sheet Metal, HVAC Piping, and Plumbing and another section for Subcontractors, General Conditions, Rentals, etc.

Estimating Spreadsheet Summary Page

Estimating Summary — MEP Academy Estimating Spreadsheet Summary

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Bid Risk Assessment Form

The MEP Academy Estimating Spreadsheet contains a bid risk assessment form that rates the success of winning any particular project that you are contemplating pursuing. The risk assessment form will help you determine if the project is worth bidding based on a set of questions that rate your answers.

The answers to these questions will give you a score from which you can use to see how the project rates on a scale of risk and reward. The total risk assessment score will also inform you which level of approval is required within your company depending on how you rate your risk values as the example shown below. The total score is 25, which according to this contractor would require the Vice President to sign-off on the project or approve the decision to pursue bidding on the project.

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MEP Academy Estimating Spreadsheet Summary

The MEP Academy Estimating Spreadsheet is used to gather all the information for estimating a project, putting it into a format where you can make quick adjustments and decisions while the spreadsheet gives you an immediate update on the price.

Purchase this spreadsheet at its currently reduced price of ONLY $245.00, which usually sells for ~~$599.00~~

Watch the YouTube video below to see the MEP Academy Estimating Spreadsheet in action.

Drone Use in Construction

MEP Academy Instructor

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February 11, 2025

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The construction and service industries are on the cusp of a revolution with the increasing adoption of drone technology. Drones—both piloted and un-piloted—are being developed to streamline job site operations, deliver parts and tools, and assist technicians with inspections and repairs. The future promises a more efficient, cost-effective, and safer approach to maintenance and service repairs, reducing costly delays caused by traffic congestion, supply house runs, and labor inefficiencies.

While the potential is immense, significant hurdles must be overcome, particularly in terms of regulatory challenges, safety concerns, and technological advancements. This article explores the current state of drone technology, emerging developments, and the challenges to full-scale implementation in construction and MEP service industries.

Construction Drones for Logistics and Parts Delivery

Current Use of Drones in Construction and Repairs

Drones are already widely used in the construction industry for:

Site Surveys and Inspections: Mapping out job sites, assessing terrain, and conducting aerial inspections.
Progress Monitoring: Providing real-time updates on project status.
Safety Assessments: Identifying hazards before workers enter a site.
Building and Roof Inspections: Assessing HVAC, electrical, and plumbing infrastructure without requiring manual access.

However, as technology advances, drones are poised to take on more active roles in construction and repair services, including part delivery and even direct repair assistance.

Future Applications: Drones for Service Technicians and Repairs

1. Drone-Assisted Parts and Tool Delivery

One of the most practical applications of drones in construction and repair work is delivering small parts and tools to technicians on rooftops or job sites. Currently, technicians frequently waste time battling traffic to pick up replacement parts or tools, causing delays that cost businesses money.

With piloted or autonomous drones, companies could deploy drones from local supply warehouses or service hubs, delivering HVAC, electrical, or plumbing components directly to job sites in minutes. This approach could eliminate hours of wasted travel time and significantly improve efficiency.

Technology Making This Possible

Current:
- DJI’s FlyCart 30 is an early-stage drone capable of carrying payloads up to 66 lbs (30 kg) over distances of up to 16 miles.
- Zipline’s fixed-wing drones are used in medical supply delivery, showcasing a model that could work for construction.
In Development:
- Automated storage hubs with drone dispatch systems, reducing human involvement in retrieving and loading parts.
- Improved battery and hybrid power systems to increase drone flight ranges and payload capacities.
- AI-based navigation and object recognition to allow drones to deliver parts precisely to a technician’s location.

2. Drone-Assisted Repairs and Inspections

Drones could eventually become more than just delivery vehicles. They could perform minor repairs and assessments autonomously or remotely with the assistance of a human operator.

Thermal imaging and infrared cameras to detect electrical faults, HVAC inefficiencies, or plumbing leaks.
Robotic arms and manipulators for minor repairs, such as tightening bolts or securing electrical connections.
Augmented reality (AR) and AI integration, where drones assist technicians with visual overlays and diagnostic tools.

Drones for Assistance in Repairs and Parts Delivery

3. AI and Swarm Technology for Construction Assistance

Future drones may not operate alone but rather in coordinated swarms to perform complex tasks.

Swarm drones could work together for inspections, collectively scanning a building’s systems faster than a single drone.
AI-driven construction drones could assist in moving materials around a job site, reducing reliance on traditional equipment. Checkout these Drones.

Challenges to Drone Integration in Construction and Service Industries

While the potential for drones in construction and repair services is high, there are significant regulatory, safety, and technical challenges that must be addressed before widespread adoption.

1. Regulatory Hurdles

The FAA (Federal Aviation Administration) and other global aviation authorities have strict rules on drone usage, particularly for commercial purposes.

Current Restrictions:
- Line-of-sight requirements prevent fully autonomous long-range deliveries.
- Weight and altitude restrictions limit the types of parts that can be transported.
- Airspace control issues make it difficult to deploy drones in urban environments without interference.
Possible Solutions:
- FAA-approved Beyond Visual Line of Sight (BVLOS) technology will be crucial for expanding drone applications.
- Development of dedicated drone corridors and integrated air traffic control systems.

2. Safety and Liability Concerns

Collision Avoidance: Drones flying near construction sites, urban buildings, and technicians pose risks of accidents.
Payload Security: Parts and tools must be safely secured to avoid drops that could injure workers or pedestrians.
Cybersecurity: Drones must be hacker-resistant to prevent unauthorized control or data breaches.

3. Battery and Payload Limitations

Current battery technology limits flight time and range.
Heavy equipment requires stronger motors and larger drones, which might be impractical for job sites.
Ongoing research in hydrogen fuel cells and advanced battery tech may solve these issues.

The Road Ahead: When Will Drone Integration Become Mainstream?

The integration of drones in construction and service industries will likely happen in phases:

Short-Term (2025-2028): Increased use of drones for inspections, mapping, and surveillance with improved AI analytics.
Mid-Term (2028-2035): Routine delivery of small parts and tools to technicians using autonomous drones, with regulatory advancements allowing BVLOS flights.
Long-Term (2035 and Beyond): Full integration of automated repair drones, robotic maintenance systems, and AI-controlled site operations.

Conclusion

The future of piloted and autonomous drones in construction and repair services is promising, with the potential to significantly reduce delays, improve technician efficiency, and cut costs. While regulatory and technological challenges remain, advancements in AI, battery technology, and automated flight control will gradually pave the way for widespread adoption.

As these innovations develop, companies in the construction and MEP industries should stay informed and explore ways to integrate drone technology into their workflows—because the future of work may soon take flight. Leave your ideas in the comments below. Do you use drones now, or do you see yourself using them in the future?

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Water Source Heat Pumps

HVAC Systems

MEP Academy Instructor

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February 4, 2025

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Water source heat pumps are versatile and energy-efficient HVAC systems widely used in commercial and institutional buildings, such as office spaces, schools, and healthcare facilities. These systems utilize a centralized water loop to transfer heat between individual heat pumps, making them ideal for buildings with diverse thermal demands across different zones.

If you prefer to watch the video of this presentation, then scroll to the bottom.

How Water Source Heat Pumps Work

Water source heat pumps use the refrigerant cycle to either absorb or reject heat. Each unit connects to a water loop that serves as a medium for heat exchange. During cooling, the heat pump transfers heat from the indoor space to the water loop. Conversely, during heating, the heat pump extracts heat from the loop and delivers it to the indoor space. Each zone has its own water source heat pump, and they’re all connected to the same water loop.

Fluid Cooler serving Water Source Heat Pumps in a Hotel

Interaction Between the Fluid Cooler and Boiler

The water loop in a Water source heat pump system requires temperature regulation to ensure efficient operation. Two key components that facilitate this are the fluid cooler and the boiler:

Fluid Cooler

During peak cooling conditions, the water loop temperature rises due to heat rejection from various zones. The fluid cooler dissipates this excess heat to the outside air, maintaining the water loop within the desired temperature range.

Boiler

During heating seasons or when the water loop cools down excessively, the boiler adds heat to the loop, ensuring it remains warm enough to support heating operations across zones.

Typical Water Loop Temperatures

The water loop in a Water source heat pump system is typically maintained between 70 degrees Fahrenheit and 90 degrees Fahrenheit (21C to 32C). This range ensures efficient operation for both heating and cooling modes, balancing the energy requirements of all zones while optimizing the performance of the heat pumps.

Heat Contribution and Removal in Different Building Zones

In a Water source heat pump system, different zones can either add or remove heat from the water loop based on their heating or cooling needs:

Heat Addition: Zones requiring cooling transfer heat into the loop, raising the loop temperature.

Heat Removal: Zones requiring heating extract heat from the loop, lowering the loop temperature.

This dynamic exchange creates an efficient, self-balancing system where zones in cooling mode can offset the energy needs of zones in heating mode, reducing the overall demand on the fluid cooler and boiler.

Open vs. Closed Loop Systems

Water source heat pump systems can operate with either an open loop or a closed loop configuration:

Water Source Heat Pump System with Open Cooling Tower and Heat Exchanger

Open Loop

In this setup, water is drawn from a natural source, such as a lake, river, or well, and is cycled through the system. After the heat exchange, the water is discharged back into the source. Open loops are highly efficient but may require permits and careful water quality management.

Closed Loop

Here, the water circulates within a sealed piping system, transferring heat to or from the fluid cooler or boiler. Closed loops are easier to maintain and protect against contamination but may involve higher upfront costs for piping and installation. Additionally, closed loop systems protect the heat exchangers of the water source heat pumps from contamination, enhancing their longevity and performance.

The Role of a Dedicated Outside Air System (DOAS)

To comply with building codes and provide fresh air, many Water source heat pump systems incorporate a Dedicated Outside Air System. This unit provides ventilation air that is conditioned independently of the Water source heat pumps, improving indoor air quality and ensuring compliance with ASHRAE standards.

Dedicated Outside Air System DOAS serving a Water Source Heat Pump System

A Dedicated Outside Air System may:

Pre-condition incoming air by heating, cooling, or dehumidifying it before distribution.

Work in tandem with Water source heat pumps to manage latent and sensible loads more effectively.

A Plate and Frame Heat Exchanger is a critical component in Water Source Heat Pump systems when utilizing an open-source cooling tower. It is installed between the open-loop (cooling tower) and the closed-loop (water source heat pumps), effectively creating two separate water loops.

Function of the Plate and Frame Heat Exchanger

Separation of Water Loops:

The open loop consists of water circulating between the cooling tower and the plate and frame heat exchanger. This water is exposed to the atmosphere, making it susceptible to dirt, debris, and biological growth.

The closed loop contains clean, treated water circulating between the plate and frame heat exchanger and the water source heat pumps inside the building.

Protection of Water Source Heat Pumps:

Cooling towers are prone to biological growth, scaling, and debris accumulation. If this contaminated water were to circulate directly through the water source heat pumps, it could foul or clog their internal heat exchangers.

By using a plate and frame heat exchanger, the open loop contaminants are isolated from the water source heat pumps, reducing maintenance and extending equipment life.

Heat Transfer Process:

The heat exchanger transfers heat between the open and closed loops without mixing the water.

When in cooling mode, heat from the closed-loop water is rejected through the heat exchanger into the open loop, which then carries it to the cooling tower for dissipation.

In heating mode, heat is absorbed from the closed-loop water and transferred to the water source heat pumps for space heating. If the loop water is too cold then the boiler is activated to bring the minimum water temperature up to set point.

Cost vs. Benefit

Added Cost: Installing a plate and frame heat exchanger introduces additional upfront costs, including the cost of the heat exchanger itself, piping modifications, and additional pumps.

Reduced Maintenance & Increased System Longevity: The cost is justified by the long-term benefits, as it:

Prevents fouling of the heat exchangers inside the water source heat pumps.

Reduces chemical treatment needs for the closed-loop water.

Lowers maintenance costs by preventing scaling, biological growth, and corrosion in the closed-loop system.

While adding a plate and frame heat exchanger increases the initial investment, it significantly enhances system reliability, efficiency, and lifespan by keeping the closed-loop water clean and free from contaminants. This setup is a best practice when using open cooling towers with water source heat pump systems to prevent fouling and ensure optimal long-term performance.

Basic Controls for the Fluid Cooler and Boiler

Effective operation of the fluid cooler and boiler relies on an integrated control strategy that maintains optimal water loop temperatures. Key controls include:

Temperature Sensors: Measure water loop temperatures to determine when to activate the fluid cooler or boiler.

Set Point Controllers: Maintain the water loop temperature within the desired range (e.g., 70 degrees Fahrenheit to 90 degrees Fahrenheit)(21C to 32C). The set point temperature can vary based on building load, outdoor conditions, and efficiency goals. A greater temperature difference in the loop improves overall system energy efficiency but reduces efficiency at the individual zone level heat pumps. If you widen the Delta T from 60 to 90 degrees Fahrenheit (15.5C to 32C), that gives the system level a 30-degree temperature difference, meaning the boiler will run less often, but the water source heat pumps requiring heating may run less efficiently due to the cooler water temperature.

Staging Controls: Enable or disable stages of the fluid cooler or boiler based on real-time demand.

Seasonal Mode Switching: Automatically switch between heating and cooling priority based on outdoor temperatures or building load profiles.

Water source heat pumps also work with other water sources such as lakes and streams, see our other video on “How Geothermal Heat Pumps Work”, or “How Heat Pumps Work” to better understand the reversing valve, and our video on Dedicated Outside Air Systems.

Conclusion

Water source heat pumps provide an efficient and flexible solution for modern HVAC needs, especially in buildings with diverse heating and cooling requirements. By leveraging a balanced water loop, supplemented with a fluid cooler and boiler, these systems optimize energy use across different zones. When integrated with a Dedicated Outside Air System and managed by robust control strategies, Water source heat pump systems deliver exceptional performance while meeting energy efficiency and ventilation standards.

Water Source Heat Pumps Exlained

Indoor Air Quality Monitors

IAQ Indoor Air Quality

MEP Academy Instructor

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January 25, 2025

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Indoor air quality (IAQ) is crucial for a healthy living environment, as indoor pollution poses significant health risks. The World Health Organization attributes 3.8 million deaths annually to household air pollution, which contributes to respiratory infections, COPD, and lung cancer deaths. Using an indoor air quality monitor can improve your health.

Poor IAQ is a major risk for adults and children, particularly those with asthma. The U.S. EPA estimates that 6 million children in the U.S. with asthma are vulnerable to worsened symptoms from indoor pollutants.

The average person spends 90% of their time indoors, with children, the elderly, and those with chronic illnesses spending even more. Indoor air can be 2 to 5 times more polluted than outdoor air, and up to 100 times worse in poorly ventilated spaces. This underscores the urgent need to improve IAQ to safeguard health.

Indoor air quality monitors are essential tools for assessing and improving the air we breathe indoors. This article delves into how these devices measure key parameters such as Total Volatile Organic Compounds (TVOC), formaldehyde (HCHO), Air Quality Index (AQI), particulate matter and humidity levels. We’ll also explore the acceptable and safe ranges for these parameters, their significance and what to do to make your home safer. Here are some of the pollutants that are monitored by these devices.

Monitoring of Indoor Air Quality is important for Good Health

Measuring TVOC and Formaldehyde (HCHO)

Total Volatile Organic Compounds (TVOC): TVOCs are a group of organic chemicals that easily vaporize at room temperature. Common sources include cleaning products, paints, adhesives, and furniture. High levels of TVOCs can cause headaches, dizziness, and long-term respiratory issues.

Acceptable Range: Below 0.5 mg/m³ is considered safe, while levels exceeding 1 mg/m³ indicate poor air quality.

How to Mitigate Exposure: Increase ventilation by opening windows or using exhaust fans, use low-VOC or VOC-free products, and store chemicals and paints in sealed containers away from living areas.

Formaldehyde (HCHO): Formaldehyde is a common indoor pollutant released by building materials, pressed-wood products, and some textiles. It is a known carcinogen and can cause irritation to the eyes, nose, and throat even at low levels.

Acceptable Range: Below 0.08 ppm (parts per million) is safe for prolonged exposure. Levels above 0.1 ppm are considered harmful.

How to Mitigate Exposure: Opt for furniture and building materials certified as low-emission or formaldehyde-free, increase ventilation, and maintain indoor humidity levels between 40-60% to reduce off-gassing.

Checkout these Air Quality Monitors

Measuring Carbon Dioxide (CO2) and Carbon Monoxide (CO)

Carbon Dioxide (CO2): CO2 is a naturally occurring gas produced by respiration and combustion processes. Elevated indoor CO2 levels are often a sign of poor ventilation, which can cause drowsiness, reduced cognitive function, and discomfort.

Acceptable Range: Levels below 1,000 ppm are generally acceptable for indoor spaces. Levels between 1,000-2,000 ppm may cause discomfort, and levels above 2,000 ppm can significantly impair concentration and well-being.
How to Mitigate Exposure: Improve ventilation by opening windows or using mechanical ventilation systems and monitor CO2 levels in crowded spaces.

Carbon Monoxide (CO): CO is a colorless, odorless gas produced by incomplete combustion from sources like gas stoves, furnaces, and vehicles. It is highly toxic and can cause headaches, dizziness, and even death at high concentrations.

CO monitoring is one part of an overall Air Quality Monitor

Acceptable Range: CO levels should remain below 9 ppm over an 8-hour average, with no single exposure exceeding 35 ppm in an hour.
How to Mitigate Exposure: Ensure proper maintenance of combustion appliances, install CO detectors in key areas, and avoid using fuel-burning devices in poorly ventilated spaces.

Understanding the Air Quality Index (AQI)

The AQI is a standardized metric used to represent the overall air quality, incorporating multiple pollutants such as ozone, particulate matter, and carbon monoxide. The scale ranges from 0 to 500, with lower values indicating better air quality.

Good: 0-50
Moderate: 51-100
Unhealthy for Sensitive Groups: 101-150
Unhealthy: 151-200
Very Unhealthy: 201-300
Hazardous: 301-500

Checkout these Air Quality Monitors

Particulate Matter (PM) Sizes and Their Impact

Particulate matter is a mixture of solid and liquid particles suspended in the air. These particles vary in size and can have different health effects:

PM1.0: Particles smaller than 1 micrometer, such as combustion particles and certain pathogens. These can penetrate deep into the lungs and enter the bloodstream, causing cardiovascular and respiratory issues.
PM2.5: Particles smaller than 2.5 micrometers, including fine dust, smoke, and aerosols. Prolonged exposure can lead to chronic respiratory diseases, asthma, and reduced lung function.
PM10: Particles smaller than 10 micrometers, such as pollen, mold spores, and larger dust particles. These primarily affect the upper respiratory tract, causing irritation and allergic reactions.
Acceptable Levels:
- PM2.5: Below 12 µg/m³ (micrograms per cubic meter) is considered safe.
- PM10: Below 50 µg/m³ is the recommended limit.
How to Mitigate Exposure: Use high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters in HVAC systems or portable air purifiers, reduce indoor sources of particulates (e.g., smoking, burning candles), and clean surfaces regularly to minimize dust accumulation.

The Role of Humidity in Indoor Air Quality

Humidity plays a significant role in maintaining a comfortable and healthy indoor environment. ASHRAE (American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers) recommends maintaining indoor relative humidity between 40% and 60%.

Why This Range?

Low Humidity (<40%): Can cause dry skin, irritation of the eyes and throat, and increased susceptibility to respiratory infections.
High Humidity (>60%): Promotes the growth of mold, mildew, and dust mites, which can trigger allergies and asthma.

Maintaining this balance helps ensure comfort and minimizes health risks associated with poor humidity control.

Conclusion

Indoor air quality monitors provide invaluable insights into the air we breathe, helping us identify and mitigate potential health risks. By understanding key parameters like TVOC, formaldehyde, CO2, CO, AQI, particulate matter, and humidity, we can take proactive steps to improve indoor environments for better health and well-being. Regular monitoring and adhering to recommended ranges ensure a safer, more comfortable living and working space.

Top 10 HVAC Tools Every Technician Needs

MEP Academy Instructor

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January 14, 2025

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Top 10 HVAC Tools Every Technician Needs

As the HVAC industry continues to embrace cutting-edge technology, having the right tools is more important than ever. Every technician needs tools that are reliable, efficient, and designed to tackle modern HVAC challenges. Whether you’re a seasoned pro or just starting out, these top 10 HVAC tools are must-haves for your toolkit.

If you prefer to watch the video of this article, then scroll to the bottom.

1. Fieldpiece SM480V Digital Manifold

This manifold provides precise refrigerant measurements and live data logging. With wireless connectivity and temperature-compensated sensors, it simplifies diagnostics and charging. The data logger stores up to 9 jobs internally and has a USB port for easy download. This tool saves time while ensuring accuracy, making it indispensable for technicians. Checkout the Fieldpiece SM480

2. Fluke 902 FC HVAC Clamp Meter

This clamp meter offers true-RMS measurements, temperature readings, and capacitance testing, featuring Fluke Connect wireless technology, it’s designed to boost productivity for HVAC technicians in the field. Its rugged design ensures reliability in tough environments, helping technicians diagnose and resolve electrical issues efficiently. Checkout the Fluke 902

3. Milwaukee M12 FUEL Compact Vacuum

This is a lightweight, 12-volt cordless vacuum with powerful suction and a compact design that’s easy to store. It comes equipped with a flexible hose, crevice tool, utility nozzle, wall mount, and a certified HEPA filter, making it a reliable tool for efficient clean-up. Ideal for cleaning condensate lines and blower compartments, it enhances job site cleanliness and professionalism. Checkout the Milwaukee M12

4. Testo 550s Smart Digital Manifold

With Bluetooth integration and a compact design, the Testo 550s allows real-time data sharing and easy refrigerant management. Effortlessly view all results with the large, easy-to-read graphic display. This comprehensive kit is perfect for commissioning, servicing, and maintaining refrigeration, air conditioning systems, and heat pumps. Checkout the Testo 550s

5. NAVAC NRDD Recovery Machine

This recovery machine features a large backlit display and a dual-cylinder compressor for rapid refrigerant recovery. Lightweight and efficient, it speeds up the job while ensuring environmental compliance. Compatible with all commonly used refrigerants, the NRDD recovery unit is the ideal choice for reliable and versatile refrigerant recovery. Checkout the NAVAC Recovery Machine

6. Klein Tools ET310 AC Circuit Breaker Finder

This AC Circuit Breaker Finder quickly and accurately identifies the correct circuit breaker for an outlet or fixture. It includes a transmitter that connects to the outlet or fixture and a receiver to scan the panel for the breaker. Clear visual and audible signals on the receiver when the correct breaker is found. Its accuracy reduces troubleshooting time, making electrical diagnostics more straightforward and efficient. Checkout the Klein Circuit Breaker Finder

7. REED Instruments R2330 Infrared Thermometer

This infrared thermometer provides accurate surface temperature readings without contact. Its bright color display ensures easy readability in both sunlight and low-light conditions, while tri-color LEDs indicate temperature status, with built-in laser pointer for precise targeting. It’s perfect for identifying inefficiencies like duct leaks and hot spots in either Fahrenheit or Celsius readings. Checkout REED Infrared Thermometer

8. CPS Products Pro-Set 2-Valve Manifold

Specifically designed for modern refrigerants, including the R32, R410A, and R454B class A2L refrigerant, the CPS Products Pro-Set offers durability and precision. It’s a must-have for technicians working with next-generation systems. Checkout the CPS Manifolds

9. Hilti DX 5 Powder-Actuated Fastening Tool

The DX 5 simplifies fastening into concrete and steel, offering consistent performance. It saves time on installations and enhances job site productivity. Checkout Hilti Tools

10. Bosch GLM50C Bluetooth Laser Measure

Accurate measurements are vital in HVAC installations and retrofits. This laser measure delivers precise laser measurements, Bluetooth connectivity, and app integration for easy data storage and sharing. Smart Measuring and Documentation Made Easy. It’s ideal for planning installations and ensuring accurate layouts with minimal effort. Checkout the Bosch Laser Tool

Investing in high-quality tools is essential for HVAC technicians to stay efficient and competitive. These top 10 tools not only make your job easier but also ensure you deliver top-notch service. As technology advances, having the best tools at your disposal will set you apart in the ever-evolving HVAC industry. Equip yourself for success in 2025 with these must-have tools!