Essential Tools for Every Refrigeration Technician: A Comprehensive Review
Are you intrigued by the inner workings of refrigeration systems and the vital role they play in our everyday lives? Whether you’re an aspiring refrigeration technician or a seasoned pro, understanding the tools of the trade is essential.
In this comprehensive review, we delve into the top tools that every refrigeration mechanic should have in their arsenal. These tools are not mere conveniences; they are the very instruments that empower technicians to diagnose, repair, and maintain refrigeration systems efficiently and effectively.
1. Manifold Gauge Set: Refrigeration mechanics rely on manifold gauge sets to simultaneously measure high and low side pressures in refrigeration systems. These sets are like the eyes of the technician, providing critical insights into the system’s condition. By providing real-time data, refrigerant gauges are essential for diagnosing issues and ensuring optimal system performance.
2. Vacuum Pump: A vacuum pump may seem unassuming, but its role is monumental. It evacuates air and moisture from refrigeration systems before the introduction of refrigerant, ensuring that the system operates efficiently without unwanted contaminants.
3. Leak Detection Tools: Finding elusive refrigerant leaks is a challenge without the right tools. Leak detection tools, including electronic detectors and bubble solutions, play a crucial role in environmental protection and system efficiency by pinpointing these leaks.
4. Digital Multimeter: An HVACR technician’s electrical diagnostic prowess relies heavily on a digital multimeter. This tool measures voltage, current, and resistance in electrical components, making it indispensable for troubleshooting electrical issues.
5. Pipe Cutters and Flaring Tools: Copper pipes are the lifeblood of many refrigeration systems, and pipe cutters and flaring tools ensure these essential components are accurately cut and shaped for the job.
6. Pipe Benders: The importance of smooth, kink-free bends in copper pipes cannot be overstated. Pipe benders are the secret to achieving these precise bends without compromising the integrity of the pipe.
7. Thermometers and Thermocouples: When it comes to temperature measurement, accuracy is key. Thermometers and thermocouples help technicians monitor temperatures at various points in the system, assisting in both diagnostics and cooling optimization.
8. Tubing Tools: Properly preparing tubing for installation is a fundamental step in any refrigeration project. Tubing tools, such as deburrers and reamers, ensure that tubing is ready for action.
9. Hex Key Set: Hexagonal screws and bolts are commonplace in refrigeration systems. A set of hex keys is a technician’s trusty companion for swiftly disassembling and reassembling components.
10. Oil Pump and Oil Injector: Lubricating oil is the lifeblood of compressors. Oil pumps and injectors ensure that the compressor functions optimally by delivering the right amount of lubrication.
11. Torque Wrench: Precision matters in refrigeration systems. Torque wrenches guarantee that bolts and nuts are tightened to precise specifications, safeguarding components and maintaining proper seals.
12. Digital Scale: In the intricate world of refrigeration, precision is paramount. This is where a digital scale steps in as a silent but indispensable partner for refrigeration mechanics. Why? Because refrigerants, lubricants, and various chemicals must be added to systems with meticulous accuracy.
A digital scale ensures that the right quantities are added, helping maintain the system’s efficiency, performance, and, perhaps most importantly, the environment. It’s not just about getting the job done; it’s about getting it done right, and that’s where the digital scale shines. So, let’s weigh in on the importance of this often-overlooked tool in the refrigeration technician’s toolkit.
These tools are the cornerstone of any refrigeration technician’s toolkit. Stay tuned as we dive deeper into each of these essential instruments, unveiling the art and science behind their usage, and why they’re indispensable for refrigeration technicians around the globe.
In this article we’ll answer a question that we get all the time. What filter, if any, can filter out the SARS-CoV-2 virus which leads to COVID-19, the disease? We’ll show you how efficient the different air filters are at filtering out various items for asthma and allergy sufferers, and the virus that leads to COVID-19.
If you prefer to watch the Video of this presentation, then scroll to the bottom or click on the following link. Air Filters vs COVID-19
The ability of an air filter to remove microorganism, dust, pollen, dust mites, mold spores, pet dander, bacteria and viruses is indicated by a numerical value. This number, which is indicated as a MERV rating, states the filter’s efficiency at removing various sizes of these items. We’ll show you which filters, if any, work the best to protect you from these potentially harmful organisms.
MERV Rating
Minimum Efficiency Reporting Values, or MERVs, indicate the filter’s ability to capture larger particles, those 0.3 microns and larger. The higher the numerical rating, the greater the air filter is at removing particles from the air stream. A MERV-13 is better than a MERV-11 filter at removing particles, but how good are they against bacteria and a very small virus that leads to COVID-19.
Virus and Bacteria Removal
According to ASHRAE, research has shown that the particle size of the SARS-CoV-2 virus that leads to COVID-19 is around 0.1 microns. This is much smaller than what may be picked up by these air filters. As this chart shows, the virus lives in the invisible region, while others like dust, cat dander and human hair are visible to the human eye.
Sizes of various items shown in Microns. Invisible items in black area on chart, including the SARS-CoV-2 Virus.
Luckily, the SARS-CoV-2 virus doesn’t travel through the air own its own. It rides on respiratory droplets and droplet nuclei (dried respiratory droplets) that are predominately 1 micron in size and larger. These filters have various efficiencies at capturing the viruses that are in the 1-to-3-micron range according to ASHRAE.
The SARS-CoV-2 virus riding a respiratory droplet in the 1 to 3 micron range
ASHRAE
As the chart shows, ASHRAE recommends using a minimum of a MERV 13 filter, which is at least 85% efficient at capturing particles in the 1 to 3-micron size range. A MERV 14 filter is at least 90% efficient at capturing those same particles. High-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters are even more efficient at filtering human-generated infectious aerosols.
MERV Rating and Air Filter Efficiency for Particle sizes 1 to 3 microns in size
By definition, a HEPA air filter must be at least 99.97% efficient at capturing particles 0.3 micron in size. This 0.3-micron particle approximates the most penetrating particle size (MPPS) through the filter. HEPA filters are even more efficient at capturing particles larger AND smaller than the MPPS. Thus, HEPA air filters are more than 99.97% efficient at capturing airborne viral particles associated with SARS-CoV-2 which leads to COVID-19.
HEPA filters can capture and trap microorganisms, including viruses and bacteria, helping to reduce the risk of respiratory infections. So, if possible, use the highest MERV rated air filter with your system, or get a portable HEPA air filter for your room or office. HEPA filters are the most efficient at capturing small microorganisms like the SARS-CoV-2 virus.
Where are HEPA Filters used?
HEPA air filters are used in residential, commercial, and industrial facilities. In homes there are portable types that can be moved from room to room, and others that can be installed in a central air conditioning system serving the whole house.
HEPA air filters are also used along with ULPA filters in cleanrooms, labs, and other spaces requiring a very clean environment.
Asthma and Allergy Management
For individuals with asthma, HEPA filters help reduce asthma triggers like airborne irritants and respiratory allergens. According to the Asthma and Allergy Foundation of America (AAFA), nearly 26 million people have asthma in the United States. There are 4.8 million children under the age of 18, and nearly 21 million adults suffering from asthma. On average, 10 people in the unites States die every day from asthma. A total of 3,517 deaths in 2021.
According to the AAFA over 100 million people each year in the United States experience various types of allergies. Allergies are the sixth leading cause of chronic illness in the U.S. HEPA filters are highly effective at removing allergens such as pollen, dust mites, and pet dander, providing relief to allergy sufferers.
Editorial Process:
Some of the links in this article may be affiliate links, which can provide compensation to the MEPAcademy at no cost to you if you decide to purchase. Our reviews and articles are made by an industry professional experienced in the engineering and construction of commercial buildings.
Are you paying too much for your HVAC equipment? How do you know if the quote you received for your equipment is a fair price? Do you have a method of comparing what you have paid for various HVAC equipment with what is being quoted currently?
Keeping track of the cost of HVAC Equipment allows you to quickly provide budgets and check the cost of equipment before you purchase. This database allows you to easily keep track of the most common HVAC equipment.
HVAC Equipment Cost Database
Using an HVAC Equipment cost database will save you a lot of money by avoiding the costly mistake of paying too much for equipment.
Air Conditioners in Historical Pricing HVAC Equipment Database
The HVAC Equipment Cost database keeps track of all your equipment quotes or purchases for easy reference and parametric checks, such as cost per ton ($/Ton), cost per CFM ($/CFM)
For an HVAC Piping Estimators the need for quick budgets for the installation of piping is best handled with a spreadsheet of different material types and sizes. Having an estimating software program can make this process a lot easier, as the material pricing is always up to date and can be entered into the spreadsheet quickly. You can get a copy of this spreadsheet to help you price piping fast and efficiently.
HVAC Piping Unit Pricing Calculator
HVAC PIPING UNIT PRICING
Often the requirements of the RFP or bidding instructions will call for the price per foot to install piping beyond that which is required by the contract drawings. Such pricing maybe used for change-orders. Having these numbers available and updated often also gives you a quick reference for budgeting projects. It’s good to know when doing job site comparisons of different piping options or during discussions with engineering, what the cost is for the various piping sizes and types of materials.
HVAC Piping Unit Pricing Calculator for Copper and Carbon Steel from 1/2″ to 14″
COST PER FOOT
The cost per foot for the installation of piping needs to include fittings and hangers prorated into the value. It’s best to look at a standard length of pipe and then figure that you will have a Tee and 90 degree elbow in that length.
So for example, using twenty feet of copper water pipe with a Tee and 90 degree elbow plus the hangers to build a unit price would represent a field condition of a fitting every ten feet.
For higher density projects like Hospitals you could put more fittings in your unit pricing. Total those cost up and then divide by 20 to derive at a cost per foot for that particular size and material type.
20 feet of pipe + 2 Fittings + 3 Hangers / 20 = Cost per Foot
If the piping is insulated, you can also put the values in for insulation.
The Estimating Wizard provides two spreadsheets for tracking unit pricing, one for HVAC Piping and the other for Plumbing piping. Get a copy and start tracking your cost per foot, or be prepared to give a quick budget based on your knowledge from your spreadsheet of unit prices. Watch the video below to see how quick and easy it is to track the cost per foot for various sizes and material types.
MEP Academy HVAC Piping Unit Pricing Spreadsheet
The MEP Academy provides a spreadsheet that makes calculating unit pricing simple. The spreadsheet is available by following this link, HVAC Piping Unit Pricing Spreadsheet
HVAC Piping Unit Pricing Calculator Example
In the screenshot above there is a place for you to build your hanger requirements (#1), and a place to put your tax rate and hourly labor rate (#2).
For each size of pipe and material type you would insert the unit cost for Material (#3) and Labor (#4).
Under item (#5) you would build your typical run of pipe and enter the quantity of fittings you might expect for the type of building and system. You would add whatever you think will be required for every so many feet of pipe. In the example above we are showing that for every 20 feet of pipe you will have 1 Elbow and 1 Reducing Tee.
Under item (#6) you would add the cost per lineal foot for insulation if required. You could also look at insulation as a separate value and leave the pipe bare.
Line item (#7) is where you indicate the hanger spacing, and for each hanger you defined under item (#1) you will get the quantity as defined by the linear feet in item (#5) divided by your hanger spacing, which will affect your cost.
Line item (#8) is the calculated cost per linear foot of piping for that size and material type of pipe.
Summary Sheet
After you have all your unit pricing information inputted into the spreadsheet, all you have to do to get a budget for installing piping is to enter the quantity of piping (#9) for each size and material type (#10). The system will automatically calculate the cost (#11) to install that run of piping based on your unit pricing data. The total cost will be shown at the top of the spreadsheet (#12).
The proper sizing and layout of condensate drain lines is important for the protection of property and for the proper functioning of the air conditioning equipment.
If you prefer to watch our YouTube version of this presentation, scroll to the bottom.
Condensate Drain Pipe Sizing
The size required for the condensate pipe is dictated by the local code. Enclosed you will find the requirements for many local codes, but be sure to check your code for your local requirements. If the outlet size of the equipment’s condensate drain is larger than what’s shown in this chart then your required to use the larger outlet size.
Minimum Condensate Drain Pipe Sizing Chart
Slope to be at least 1/8” per foot or 1 percent, that is for every 12” horizontally there must be at least an 1/8” drop vertically.
Condensate drain piping to slope a minimum of 1/8″ per every 12″ horizontal
Attics or Furred Spaces
If the Air Conditioner is suspended above an inaccessible ceiling, such as a gypsum board ceiling or attic space then you will need to provide a means for protecting the building elements from the overflow of the primary drain and for indicating that there is a leak.
Also, drain pans that are poorly drained can cause water to stay in the pan risking the possibility of algae and bacteria growth. Below are some possible solutions, but as always check your local code for the approved method.
Option 1 – Secondary drain pan with drain piping. This would hang below the Air Conditioning unit in case the A/C units primary pan overflowed. Also, there is a requirement to provide secondary drain piping to a point of termination that would provide notification to the occupants that there is a leak, such as terminating above a window or doorway.
Option 1 – Secondary drain pan with piping terminating in observable location
Option 2 – An additional drain pipe connection that sits above the primary drain connection and whereby the secondary drain piping terminates in a location to alert the occupants of the clogged primary drain.
Option 2 – Secondary drain piping connection to primary drain pan
Option 3 – Leak detection device that automatically shuts down the Air Conditioner if the primary drain becomes clogged.
Option 3 – Primary drain with leak detection device
Option 4 – Secondary drain pan with leak detection, located beneath the coil that shuts down the unit upon a leak.
Option 4 – Secondary drain pan with leak detection
The additional drain pan or drain pan connection shall be provided with a drain pipe that will determinate in an observable area, such as in front a window or above a doorway, and be of a size not less than 3/4”. Secondary drain pan shall not be less than 1-1/2” in height and extend 3” wider on each side of the coil or AC unit.
Secondary drain piping terminating above window. Pipe doesn’t have to be visible as shown.
Drain Termination
Where can and can’t you terminate the air conditioners condensate drain piping? There are several options where you can terminate the condensate drain line;
Indirect Drain
Condensate Pump to Indirect Drain
Drywell
Leach pits
Landscaped areas that are properly designed to handle the volume of condensate
To Properly designed stormwater treatment systems.
Indirect Drain
Lavatory tailpiece in the same tenant space as the air conditioner
Laundry standpipe
Janitors Sink
Inlet of Bathtub Overflow – Must be accessible
Collect and send to cooling tower (See description below)
Cooling Coil condensate to sink tailpiece.
The connection to a plumbing fixtures tailpiece has to be made within the same tenant space as the air conditioner cooling coil that is generating the condensate.
Drywell
A drywell can be used for the termination of your air conditioners condensate drain. Check your local code for the specifics, but generally it includes some or all of the following depending on whether it’s for residential or a commercial project:
A minimum size hole, such as 2 foot by 2 foot by 3 feet deep, or a round hole such as 12” diameter by 3 feet deep.
A minimum of 6” of soil or concrete shall provide cover above the rocks
Some form of barrier between the soil and the top of the drywell where the rock begins, such as building paper or plastic
Drywell to be filled with gravel or crushed rock, often with a stated minimum size rock such as 1 inch diameter
The termination of the condensate drain pipe shall connect indirectly to the drywell drain pipe.
The drywell drain pipe to be a minimum of 1-1/2” PVC or other approved material.
Drywell to be at least three feet away from the building structure or any footings.
Drywall for Air Conditioner Cooling Coil Condensate
There are various methods of providing drywells depending on the local code. There are prefabricated drywells that can be used and ones that are made by using a large diameter piece of PVC pipe or similar material.
Some codes will require you to collect the condensate from cooling coil drain pans and return it to the cooling tower if the equipment is served by a cooling tower and the total combined capacity of the HVAC cooling coils exceeds a certain amount like 65,000 btu/hr.
This is a water conservation measure, and there are some exceptions to this requirement, such as if the total capacity of the AC Equipment cooling coils are less than 10% of the total capacity of the cooling tower, or if the location of those AC Cooling coils are in a remote location, far from the tower.
Some locations where you can’t terminate condensate;
Public ways
Sidewalks
Driveways
Alleys
No termination of condensate on public area ways
Excluded from Code Requirements
Excluded from these codes are non-condensing type of equipment like radiant cooling panels that are designed to prevent condensate from occurring by keeping the temperature of the chilled water above the dew point temperature/vapor pressure of the surrounding air. These are system designed to operate in sensible cooling only modes.
Piping Material
The material types that can be used for condensate drain piping varies by jurisdiction but the most commonly cited materials are:
Copper
PVC – DWV
CPVC
ABS – DWV
Polyethylene
Galvanized steel
Cast iron.
Also the use of short radius 90-degree elbows are often prohibited. You can normally use standard fittings until you reach a certain size at which point you might be required to use drainage pattern fittings (DWV)
Traps
Traps are to be installed as required per the manufactures recommendation. No traps are required on the secondary drain pan, this is to allow immediate notification that the primary drain has failed.
Cleanouts
Cleanouts are required in case of plugged drain pipes. Provide as required to prevent the need to cut drain pipes for unplugging. Some of the following maybe used for cleanouts if approved by your local code authority;
Plugged tees
Union connections
Short clamped hoses at the unit (see image above)
When you have more than one air conditioning unit condensate tied to a main condensate pipe, then every change of direction shall have some method of cleanout. Check your local code as this maybe a requirement for even a single air conditioners condensate piping.
Condensate Pumps
Condensate pumps can be used to elevate the condensate vertically to a point where it will then discharge into a code approved gravity sloping condensate drain line. The condensate pump should be interlocked with the Air Conditioning Unit to prevent its operations if the condensate pump is inoperable.
Please remember that code requirements are always changing, so check for the most current code in your area at the time of design and installation. Or ask an inspector for the current installation practice.
Having an MEP Academy Estimating Spreadsheet that automates portions of your estimates, will save you valuable time that could be used to make more sales. All aspects of the cost of furnishing and installing an HVAC and/or a Plumbing system is contained in one spreadsheet made specifically for the MEP industry. For plumbing only see below.
For a Plumbing only Spreadsheet, use this Commercial & Residential Version. Plumbing Only. For a simple Residential HVAC & Plumbing Spreadsheet. Residential version.
Dashboard
The Main Dashboard provides you with all the information you need to make a quick decision on whether to make further adjustments, or if one of the metrics looks out of place based on historical data. The Dashboard gives you a quick overview of all that is going on within the Estimating Spreadsheet.
Estimating Dashboard within the MEP Academy Estimating Spreadsheet
Your MEP Academy Estimating Spreadsheet needs to be able to handle rental equipment, general conditions, subcontractors, piping and plumbing takeoffs, sheet metal, labor rate tables with crew mix capabilities, , and a bid summary. Each sheet in the estimating spreadsheet automatically calculates the values you enter, showing you a new total bid amount.
Will cover portions of the MEP AcademyEstimating Spreadsheet starting at the back of the Excel spreadsheet and working our way toward the front summary page last.
Choose your crew mix based on the level of experience and the different pay scales based on each project. Pick any combination and quantity of tradesman based on the requirements of the project.
Labor Rates and Crew Size within the MEP Academy Estimating Spreadsheet
There is a separate crew labor rate for HVAC Piping Shop & Field, Sheet Metal Shop & Field, and Plumbing.
Enter the project equipment price and labor to rig the HVAC and Plumbing equipment into place. Compare supplier pricing easily side by side. The MEP Academy Estimating Spreadsheet automatically selects the lowest bidder but lets you override that decision.
HVAC Equipment page within the Estimating SpreadsheetHVAC & Plumbing Equipment Sheets
Do you need a jobsite trailer or onsite management? Enter the quantity and level of the staff required to run the project, whether one person or dozens. Set the quantity and duration of each general condition, along with the rate. General Conditions is broken down into three sections as follows: #1 – Management, #2 – Construction Office (Non-Reoccurring Expenses), and #3 – Construction Office (Reoccurring Expenses).
HVAC & Plumbing contractors often subcontract out for Air & Water Balance, Sheet Metal & Piping Insulation, Water Treatment, Building Automation, Excavation and other specialty trades that they don’t self-perform. This spreadsheet was made especially for the HVAC & Plumbing contractor and their most often used subcontractors.
For those contractors that do plumbing the following Plumbing Fixture sheet will give you a place to record your vendors quotes and the labor it takes to install each type of fixture. What is also revealed is the overall cost per fixture.
Plumbing Fixtures page within the Estimating Spreadsheet
Each trade has a specialty sheet for those items that aren’t considered equipment or a fixture, but for which there is a cost impact. The MEP Academy Estimating Spreadsheet includes Sheet Metal, HVAC Piping & Plumbing Specialty sheets.
HVAC and Plumbing Specialty Pages within the Estimating SpreadsheetSpecialty Sheets in Estimate Spreadsheet
Material & Labor Summary Sheets
You will find a Sheet Metal, HVAC Piping & Plumbing material & labor summary sheets where all of the other specialty sheets are summarized for your review and last minute edits. Each sheet will be divided between field & shop fabrication work. The first section covers the field installation items.
Sheet Metal Material and Labor Summary – Estimating Spreadsheet
Each of the field labor summary sheets contain a row to add for the following
Material Handling
Consumables
Punch List
Cleanup
Detailing
Supervision
Shop Fabrication Summary Section
For those of you that have a fabrication shop, there is a section to add material and labor.
Shop Fabrication Summary
Rentals
For those HVAC air conditioning and Plumbing projects that require a crane, fork lift, scissor lift or any other equipment that you don’t own but will be required on the project. Having a spreadsheet that maintains a list of the most common equipment you normally rent along with their rental rate will save you time and money while avoiding having to call for pricing on every job.
Rental Sheet in Estimating Spreadsheet
Engineering
If you do your own design then you should have a sheet of each of the personnel responsible for spending time on the engineering task. If you’re doing design/build work, but don’t do the engineering yourself, but hire a third party, then you should add some engineering review time. It’s your responsibility to manage your third-party engineer to make sure they design within your cost parameters.
All of your estimates are summarized on the last tab of the MEP Academy Estimating Spreadsheet for easy review. You can quickly scan each of the categories to see where all the project cost has shown up. There is the labor and material summary for HVAC Sheet Metal, HVAC Piping, and Plumbing and another section for Subcontractors, General Conditions, Rentals, etc.
Estimating Spreadsheet Summary PageMEP Academy Estimating Spreadsheet Summary
The MEP Academy Estimating Spreadsheet contains a bid risk assessment form that rates the success of winning any particular project that you are contemplating pursuing. The risk assessment form will help you determine if the project is worth bidding based on a set of questions that rate your answers.
Bid Risk Assessment
The answers to these questions will give you a score from which you can use to see how the project rates on a scale of risk and reward. The total risk assessment score will also inform you which level of approval is required within your company depending on how you rate your risk values as the example shown below. The total score is 25, which according to this contractor would require the Vice President to sign-off on the project or approve the decision to pursue bidding on the project.
The MEP Academy Estimating Spreadsheet is used to gather all the information for estimating a project, putting it into a format where you can make quick adjustments and decisions while the spreadsheet gives you an immediate update on the price.
Purchase this spreadsheet at its currently reduced price of ONLY $245.00, which usually sells for $599.00
Watch the YouTube video below to see the MEP Academy Estimating Spreadsheet in action.
Optimize Your VRF System Planning with Our Comprehensive Cost Tracking Spreadsheet. When designing or budgeting for Variable Refrigerant Flow (VRF) systems, accuracy and efficiency are critical. Whether you’re an engineer, contractor, or project manager, juggling costs, engineering metrics, and sales pricing can be a daunting task. That’s why we’ve created the ultimate Excel Spreadsheet designed specifically to streamline the process, providing you with an indispensable tool for estimating and tracking VRF system costs and engineering metrics for VRF Heat Pump and Heat Recovery systems.
If you prefer to watch the Video of this presentation, then scroll to the bottom.
What Does the Spreadsheet Offer?
Our VRF System Cost Tracking Spreadsheet is a powerful tool that provides an all-encompassing approach to analyzing and budgeting for your VRF projects. Here’s what it includes:
1. Comprehensive Cost Metrics
Cost per Ton: Know the total cost of your system based on the refrigeration capacity per system type. (VRF Heat Pump vs Heat Recovery)
Cost per Square Foot: Quickly estimate the cost for projects of varying sizes, tailored to your specific building area. Just enter the square feet of your proposed building and the historical average cost per FT2.
VRF System Cost and Engineering Metrics Tracking
2. Engineering Metrics
Square Feet per Ton: Optimize your system design by ensuring proper capacity allocation based on building requirements. Track all your VRF system designs and quickly see the engineering metrics such as square feet per Ton.
Diversity in HVAC systems refers to the ratio of the outdoor unit’s capacity to the combined capacity of all connected indoor units. It accounts for the fact that not all indoor units operate at full capacity simultaneously, as cooling or heating demands vary across spaces. For example, a system with a diversity factor of 0.8 means the outdoor unit is sized for 80% of the total indoor unit capacity, assuming staggered or partial usage. This approach improves cost efficiency, reduces equipment size, and ensures energy savings without compromising performance.
3. Detailed Cost Breakdown
Piping Costs:
Calculate costs based on linear footage and total square footage.
Sheet Metal Costs:
Track ductwork expenses accurately to prevent budget overruns.
Other Related Costs:
Incorporate ancillary expenses such as labor, insulation, and controls.
VRF System Cost Tracking Metrics for HVAC Piping, Sheet Metal, Controls and more.
Budgeting and Pricing Made Simple
The spreadsheet also includes two quick calculators designed to simplify the sales pricing process:
1. Cost per Square Foot Calculator
Input the square footage of a proposed building, and the spreadsheet instantly generates a sales price based on your pre-set cost per square foot. This feature is perfect for preliminary estimates during early project discussions.
VRF System Cost Calculator
2. Cost per Ton Calculator
Enter the required tonnage of refrigeration, and the spreadsheet provides a sales price based on your chosen cost per ton. Ideal for HVAC professionals who need fast, reliable pricing at a moment’s notice.
Why Choose Our Spreadsheet?
1. Save Time
Eliminate the need for manual calculations and consolidate all your VRF cost metrics in one easy-to-use file.
2. Improve Accuracy
Minimize errors with pre-built formulas that ensure consistency across all your project estimates.
3. Enhance Project Planning
Leverage detailed cost and engineering metrics to make informed decisions, avoid surprises, and keep projects on track.
4. Boost Sales Efficiency
The two quick calculators enable you to respond swiftly to client inquiries, providing accurate and professional estimates that can close deals faster.
Who Should Use This Spreadsheet?
This tool is ideal for:
HVAC Engineers: Optimize designs with precise square feet per ton calculations.
Contractors: Stay within budget and provide competitive pricing to clients.
Project Managers: Track costs and metrics to ensure successful project delivery.
Sales Teams: Generate accurate sales pricing quickly and confidently.
Get Started Today
Transform how you estimate and plan VRF systems with our comprehensive cost-tracking spreadsheet. Whether you’re budgeting for a new project or refining your pricing strategy, this tool will save you time, enhance accuracy, and give you the competitive edge you need to succeed.
In today’s world, sustainability is no longer just a buzzword—it’s a critical component of how we design, build, and operate buildings. Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) has emerged as the global standard for green building certification, driving efforts to reduce environmental impact, enhance energy efficiency, and create healthier spaces for people.
Whether you’re seeking to certify a building or looking to establish yourself as a sustainability expert by earning a LEED credential, understanding the benefits and pathways is essential. This article explores what it takes to achieve LEED certification for buildings and individuals, diving into the levels of certification, rating systems, and professional credentials that empower you to lead the charge toward a greener future.
If you prefer to watch the video of this presentation, then scroll to the bottom.
LEED certification requires meeting certain standards and benchmarks that reduce the environmental impact of a building. Here’s how the process typically works:
LEED Certification Requirements for Buildings
1. Registration:
A project must first be registered with the Green Business Certification Inc. (GBCI) to start its LEED journey.
2. Select Rating System:
LEED has different rating systems based on the building’s function (e.g., healthcare, schools, homes). Selecting the appropriate rating system aligns the project’s goals with LEED’s performance expectations.
3. Meet Prerequisites and Earn Points:
Each LEED category has prerequisites that must be met. Beyond that, projects earn points in various credit categories, contributing toward the final certification score.
4. Submit for Review:
Upon completion, a project submits its documentation to GBCI, which reviews and determines the certification level.
LEED Certification Point Scale
LEED certification is awarded based on a points system, with each level signifying a higher standard of sustainability:
Certified: 40–49 points
Silver: 50–59 points
Gold: 60–79 points
Platinum: 80+ points
Each level represents an incremental achievement in sustainability practices, with Platinum being the pinnacle of resource efficiency and sustainability.
LEED Gold Certified Building Plaque posted at Building Entrance
LEED Certification Types
LEED certification is versatile and applies to various building types. Each building type follows specific rating systems designed to measure unique environmental challenges. Here are the major LEED rating systems:
Building Design and Construction (BD+C):
For newly constructed or renovated buildings, covering commercial buildings, schools, retail, healthcare, data centers, hospitality, and warehouses.
Interior Design and Construction (ID+C):
Focuses on the interior fit-out of buildings, often used for retail and commercial interiors.
Building Operations and Maintenance (O+M):
Targets existing buildings, aiming to enhance operational efficiency and reduce environmental impact without major construction changes.
Neighborhood Development (ND):
Designed for residential and mixed-use communities, emphasizing walkability, connectivity, and green infrastructure.
Homes:
Intended for single-family or multifamily residential buildings, focusing on resource efficiency, indoor environmental quality, and energy savings.
Cities:
LEED for Cities provides a framework for entire cities or specific urban districts to measure and manage key sustainability metrics. These projects focus on tracking and improving water consumption, energy use, waste management, transportation systems, and the overall human experience within the urban environment.
LEED Points System
Each rating system is organized into specific categories, with points awarded based on performance across these aspects. LEED focuses on the following main categories:
Sustainable Sites (SS): Recognizes buildings that minimize their impact on ecosystems and water resources.
Water Efficiency (WE): Aims to reduce indoor, outdoor, and process water use through efficient fixtures, landscaping, and conservation.
Energy and Atmosphere (EA): Encourages optimization of energy performance, with a focus on energy use reduction, renewable energy, and ongoing monitoring.
Materials and Resources (MR): Promotes responsible material sourcing, recycling, and reducing waste generated by building occupants.
Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ): Focuses on air quality, lighting, acoustic comfort, and the use of low-emitting materials to enhance occupant well-being.
Innovation (IN): Recognizes creative, sustainable design and operations practices that go beyond standard requirements.
Regional Priority (RP): Awards extra points for addressing local environmental issues, such as conserving regional water supplies or air quality.
LEED-certified buildings not only reduce operational costs but also attract environmentally conscious tenants, demonstrate commitment to sustainability, and support employee health and productivity. Moreover, many jurisdictions offer tax incentives, grants, or zoning benefits to promote sustainable construction practices.
LEED Professionals
Earning a LEED professional credential by passing the certification exam offers numerous advantages for individuals in the construction, design, and sustainability fields:
Enhanced Career Opportunities: LEED accreditation is recognized globally, making you a valuable asset to employers seeking expertise in green building practices.
Achieving Sustainability through LEED Certification and Industry Recognition: LEED credentials demonstrate your knowledge of sustainable building principles and your commitment to environmental stewardship.
Increased Marketability: As sustainable practices become a priority, having LEED credentials positions you as a leader in the field and differentiates you in a competitive job market.
Professional Growth: Learning about LEED systems and sustainability principles helps you stay current with the latest trends, technologies, and regulatory requirements in the industry.
Networking and Community: Becoming certified connects you with a network of sustainability professionals, offering collaboration and growth opportunities.
Contributing to a Better Future: By supporting green building practices, you play a key role in reducing the environmental impact of the construction industry.
LEED Professional Credentials
LEED offers several professional credentials that align with different aspects of sustainability and building design. These certifications are categorized as follows:
LEED Green Associate
Description: The entry-level credential, designed for professionals who want to demonstrate their foundational knowledge of green building concepts.
Focus: Core concepts of LEED, sustainability practices, and environmental impact reduction.
Who It’s For: Anyone new to LEED, including students, professionals from related industries, or individuals interested in sustainability.
Description: The highest distinction offered by LEED, recognizing exceptional achievements and leadership in the green building field.
Eligibility: Reserved for seasoned professionals with at least 10 years of experience and significant contributions to the green building industry.
Who It’s For: Established leaders, educators, and innovators in sustainability.
In addition to broad certifications, individuals can pursue additional specialty designations or continuing education credits in areas like:
Net-zero energy and water design.
Resilience and adaptation strategies.
Renewable energy integration.
After certification, individuals are required to maintain their credentials through ongoing education. This ensures they stay updated with evolving sustainability standards and technologies.
Summary
LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) is the world’s leading certification system for sustainable building practices, providing a framework for designing, constructing, and maintaining environmentally responsible spaces. For buildings, LEED certification promotes resource efficiency, energy savings, and healthier environments, with certification levels ranging from Certified to Platinum. The system applies to various building types and uses rating systems tailored to new constructions, interiors, existing buildings, neighborhoods, and homes.
For individuals, LEED credentials such as Green Associate and LEED AP demonstrate expertise in green building principles, offering enhanced career opportunities and industry recognition. Together, LEED-certified buildings and professionals drive the shift toward a more sustainable and resilient built environment, helping to mitigate environmental impact while fostering innovation and community well-being.
LEED Certification Requirements for Buildings and Individuals
Modern HVAC systems aim to balance energy efficiency, indoor comfort, and operational simplicity. One of the most effective energy-saving techniques in HVAC systems with Direct Digital Control (DDC) is the Supply Air Temperature Reset Strategy. This strategy optimizes the operation of air handlers serving Variable Air Volume (VAV) terminal boxes by adjusting the supply air temperature dynamically based on demand.
If you prefer to watch the video of this presentation, then scroll to the bottom.
What is a Supply Air Temperature Reset Strategy?
In an air handler serving VAV terminal boxes, the SAT reset strategy dynamically adjusts the temperature of the air supplied to the duct system during part-load conditions. Instead of maintaining a fixed SAT 55°F (12.7°C), the system modulates this temperature based on real-time building conditions, such as outside air temperature and damper positions. The 55°F (12.7°C) is required to meet the peak load, but the building operates more often at less than peak demand during milder weather.
Supply Air Temperature Reset using Outside Air Temperature
The supply air temperature reset will require that there is a DDC controller mounted on or near the Air Handler that will have various input and output devices connected to it. The AHU Controller will use an outdoor temperature sensor to provide an analog input of the ambient outdoor temperature. The AHU controller will also receive an input signal from a discharge air temperature sensor indicating the current supply air temperature.
HVAC Controls using Supply Air Temperature Reset based on Outside Air Temperature
When outdoor air temperatures are mild or cooler, indicating lower cooling demand, the DDC system incrementally raises the SAT set point to reduce the cooling load on the air handling unit which saves energy.
For example, as the outdoor air temperature drops below a pre-defined threshold, such as 70°F (21°C), the SAT is gradually reset upward from its baseline value such as 55°F (12.7°C), toward a higher limit such as 65°F (18.3°C), typically in 1 to 2°F increments. This reset process continues as outdoor temperatures decrease, ensuring energy savings by reducing the load on the chiller’s compressors. Several things can happen when the supply air temperature is increased that needs to be monitored such as the maximum static pressure available, the ability for dehumidification and increased airflow. We’ll cover all three of these.
SAT Reset Chart Supply Air Temp and Outdoor Temperature
What happens to the System with higher Supply Air Temperatures?
You could set the supply air reset temperature higher, such as 65 to 70°F (18.3 to 21°C), but setting the supply air temperature at an upper limit can introduce several drawbacks and concerns, including:
Reduced Dehumidification
The higher SAT may not cool the air enough to reach the dew point, leading to inadequate moisture removal and higher indoor humidity levels, especially in humid climates. To prevent the Supply Air Temperature reset strategy from compromising dehumidification and ensuring the required relative humidity levels are maintained, several control strategies and hardware devices are typically employed:
A humidistat (or humidity sensor) can be integrated into the control strategy. If the indoor RH exceeds a set threshold (typically around 60%), the system can override the SAT reset and maintain a lower SAT, ensuring that sufficient dehumidification occurs to maintain comfort and meet code requirements.
Outdoor air humidity sensor can help the system determine whether outside air is suitable for cooling and dehumidification. In humid climates, the system may rely on outdoor enthalpy rather than just temperature to control SAT and ensure effective dehumidification.
When a higher SAT is implemented, the system continuously monitors the outdoor or indoor humidity levels via sensors and humidistats, or both. If the RH exceeds the preset limit, the system either halts the SAT reset strategy or adjusts the SAT to a lower value to maintain effective dehumidification.
Increased Airflow Requirements
To maintain the same sensible cooling capacity, airflow (CFM) must increase as Delta T (temperature difference between supply and room air) decreases, potentially overloading fans and ductwork. Higher airflow requirements to meet cooling loads can lead to increased fan energy consumption, offsetting the intended efficiency gains of SAT reset.
What Happens to the CFM Delivered to the Space?
When the supply air temperature is reset higher due to a lower outdoor air temperature, the air delivered to the zones becomes warmer. Using the sensible heat load equation, (Q = CFM x 1.1 x Delta-T), a higher SAT reduces (Delta T) (the difference between room temperature and supply air temperature). To maintain the same sensible heat removal capacity (Q), the airflow (CFM) must increase to compensate for the reduced (Delta T). This ensures the HVAC system continues to meet the cooling load in the space, despite the warmer supply air.
What Happens to the Static Pressure?
The static pressure limits in an HVAC system directly influence the maximum supply air temperature reset by determining the system’s ability to deliver sufficient airflow (CFM) to offset reduced cooling capacity from higher SATs.
Effect on the Economizer
A higher supply air temperature setpoint increases economizer use because it allows the HVAC system to utilize outdoor air for cooling over a broader range of outdoor temperatures. With a higher SAT, the air handler does not need to cool the air as much, so outdoor air at moderately warm temperatures can still meet the cooling requirements without activating mechanical cooling. This expands the economizer’s operating range, maximizing free cooling and reducing energy consumption.
Supply Air Temperature Reset using Trim and Response
The supply air temperature reset sequence using trim and response logic based on VAV box damper positions begins with the Direct Digital Control (DDC) system continuously monitoring the damper positions of all VAV terminal boxes served by the air handling unit. If the majority of the dampers are less than a specified open percentage, such as 60%, indicating reduced cooling demand, the system gradually raises the SAT set point in small increments, typically 1 to 2°F, to save energy by reducing the cooling load.
HVAC Controls Supply Air Temperature Reset using Trim and Respond
Conversely, if a significant percentage of dampers, such as 20% or more, are nearly fully open such as above 90%, indicating higher cooling demand, the SAT set point is lowered incrementally to provide sufficient cooling to meet the zone requirements. The system uses real-time feedback from the damper positions to continuously adjust the SAT dynamically within predefined minimum and maximum limits, typically between 55°F and 65°F. This approach ensures that the SAT is optimized to balance energy efficiency with occupant comfort, responding dynamically to varying cooling demands across the served spaces.
Consider a commercial office building with an air handler serving 10 VAV terminal boxes. During peak summer afternoons, all VAV dampers are close to fully open, indicating high cooling demand. The DDC system maintains the SAT at 55°F (12.7°C) to meet this load.
In the early evening, as occupancy decreases, none of the dampers remain fully open. The DDC system resets the SAT to 65°F (18.3°C). This
Reduces chiller and fan energy consumption.
Maintains comfort as the zones with reduced occupancy now require less cooling.
Conclusion
A Supply Air Temperature Reset Strategy is a powerful tool for improving the energy efficiency of HVAC systems while maintaining comfort in buildings. By leveraging modern DDC systems, building operators can implement this strategy to reduce energy costs, enhance equipment longevity, and contribute to sustainable building operations.
Adopting this strategy is not just an upgrade, it’s a commitment to smarter, more efficient, and environmentally conscious building management.
HVAC Controls Supply Air Temperature Reset Strategy
In this article, we break down two essential smoke control strategies designed for large commercial spaces. First, we cover a targeted smoke control method tailored for hotel guestroom floors, keeping hallways and exit routes safe during an emergency. Then, we explore how an atrium smoke control system works to keep open, multi-story spaces clear of smoke by using smoke exhaust fans. These are just a couple of the many approaches used to manage smoke effectively and maintain safe evacuation paths.
Hotel Zoned Smoke Control System
A Highrise hotel can use a zoned smoke control pressurization system to keep smoke from spreading across guestroom floors during a fire, ensuring that hallways, stairwells, and elevators remain safe for occupants to evacuate. Here’s how the system typically works:
Dedicated Smoke Exhaust System for Hotel Guestroom Floors
When smoke is detected on a guestroom floor, the smoke control system activates automatically. In a dedicated smoke control system, the equipment is only used for smoke control and will require frequent testing.
The supply fans pressurize areas critical for evacuation, such as stairwells, elevators, and corridors, by pumping in fresh air. This pressurization creates a pressure differential between these escape routes and the potentially smoke-filled spaces, which forces smoke back into the affected areas and prevents it from entering escape paths.
The Sandwich Technique
The sandwich technique is a zone smoke control method used in high-rise buildings to contain smoke to the fire floor and prevent vertical spread. It works by exhausting smoke directly from the fire floor while pressurizing the floors immediately above and below with supply fans, creating a pressure “sandwich.” This differential pressure keeps smoke isolated to the fire floor, ensuring that adjacent floors remain smoke-free.
The floor above and below the fire zone is positively pressurized, while the floor with the fire is under negative pressure created by the smoke exhaust fan. There are smoke control dampers on each of the supply and exhaust ducts that are opened or closed depending on the floor or fire zone. The exhaust damper is opened only on the fire floor, and the supply dampers are opened on the floor above and below the fire floor. This is just one strategy. By venting smoke directly from these spaces, the system reduces smoke density at the fire source and improves visibility for both occupants and emergency responders.
This is a dedicated system where the smoke control equipment is used only during emergency and is not part of the regular HVAC system.
Stairwell Pressurization
Most building codes will require that the stairwell in a high rise be pressurized to keep the smoke out. This allows the occupants a safe egress out of the building without having to breathe in smoke. A dedicated fan system supplies clean air into stairwells, creating a pressure differential that prevents smoke infiltration. The pressurization created by the fan must be significant enough to prevent smoke from entering the stairwell but also allow occupants to open the stairwell door.
In a high-rise, a vestibule is often used for smoke control with stairwells or elevator lobbies, to act as a buffer zone between areas with different pressures. These enclosed spaces are pressurized with fresh air during a fire to prevent smoke from entering, ensuring that stairwells and elevator shafts remain safe for evacuation and firefighter access.
Non-dedicated Smoke Control System
Here is how a non-dedicated smoke control system in a high-rise hotel using existing HVAC air handlers that supply and return air on each guestroom floor during normal operation, with each floor designated as a separate fire zone:
Using an Air Handler (HVAC System) in a Smoke Control System
Upon fire alarm activation on any guestroom floor, the smoke control system engages, signaling the HVAC air handler for the affected floor to switch to smoke control mode. The dampers in the air handler switch to smoke control by shutting the return damper and opening the outside air damper. The air handler serving the fire floor closes the supply air damper on that floor to prevent spreading the fire to other areas. The supply dampers on the floors above and below the fire floor open to pressurize and sandwich the fire floor to prevent smoke infiltration.
The exhaust air damper on the fire floor opens, while the exhaust dampers on all other floors close. This will create a negative pressure on the fire floor preventing smoke from exiting the floor. The smoke will be exhausted out the air handler or in this setup a smoke exhaust fan is provided.
The HVAC air handler on the floors directly above and below the fire floor activate in pressurization mode, supplying fresh air to create a positive pressure barrier.
This pressurization prevents smoke from migrating vertically, confining it to the fire floor. Stairwells, corridors, and elevator shafts are pressurized separately to keep them free of smoke, allowing safe evacuation routes for occupants and access for firefighters.
Atrium Smoke Control
When a fire ignites, it begins to consume nearby materials, releasing heat, smoke, and toxic gases. The combustion process produces high temperatures, causing hot air to rise. Flames reach upward, creating a vertical plume of heat and smoke above the fire source. The intensity and spread of the fire depend on fuel type, oxygen availability, and surrounding materials.
Atrium Smoke Exhaust System
The rising heat from the fire generates a vertical column of smoke and hot gases known as the smoke plume. This plume carries particulates, toxic gases, and intense heat toward the ceiling. As the plume rises, it pulls in the surrounding air, growing in size and cooling slightly. The plume’s upward motion spreads smoke and heat vertically, reaching ceiling levels quickly, especially in tall spaces.
A smoke control system for an atrium is specifically designed to manage and exhaust smoke from the large, open space of an atrium during a fire. Atriums are common in modern commercial and institutional buildings like hotels, shopping malls, and office complexes, where they provide open, multi-story gathering spaces that are visually appealing. However, their large volume and vertical open design present unique challenges for smoke control, as smoke can accumulate and spread quickly throughout multiple levels. A well-designed atrium smoke control system prevents smoke buildup, enhances visibility for evacuation, and keeps pathways clear for firefighters.
Ceiling Jet Stream
Upon reaching the ceiling, the hot smoke and gases spread outward, forming a layer just below the ceiling, this is called the ceiling jet. The ceiling jet moves horizontally, carrying intense heat and smoke across the ceiling surface.
When the ceiling jets hits the wall, it turns back thickening the smoke layer. This jet is key to triggering fire detection systems, as smoke detectors and sprinklers respond to the elevated temperatures in this layer. The ceiling jet influences the spread of heat and smoke to other areas and guides smoke control strategies.
Smoke Layer
As the ceiling jet spreads, smoke accumulates, forming a hot, dense smoke layer beneath the ceiling. This smoke layer thickens as the fire burns, moving downward over time and reducing visibility in the space. The smoke layer is hazardous, containing toxic gases and reducing breathable air near floor levels as it descends. Smoke control systems aim to slow or halt the smoke layer’s spread to maintain visibility, protect egress paths, and aid firefighting efforts. The international building code section 909.8.1 states that the lowest horizontal surface of the smoke layer must be maintained at 6 feet (1829 mm) above any walking surfaces that is part of an egress within a smoke zone.
Make-Up Air System
To ensure the smoke exhaust system works effectively, a make-up air supply is often required to replace the air that’s being expelled. Make-up air helps maintain proper airflow and prevents negative pressure that could disrupt smoke control. This air supply can be introduced from adjacent zones, louvers, or through dedicated air intakes positioned lower in the atrium.
The make-up air system is designed to ensure that fresh air enters the space below the smoke layer, reducing the chance that smoke will be pulled downwards, which could impede evacuation and visibility.
What is Plug holing
In smoke control systems, plug holing is a phenomenon where cool air enters and mixes with the hot smoke layer near an exhaust vent, disrupting the effective removal of smoke. Instead of drawing out hot smoke from the upper layer, the exhaust fan begins to pull in the cooler, denser air from below. This reduces the efficiency of the smoke exhaust system, as it allows smoke to accumulate rather than being fully vented out.
Plug Holing causes problems for Smoke Exhaust Systems
Plug holing is particularly problematic in high atriums or large spaces, where temperature differences between the smoke layer and ambient air can cause this mixing. To prevent plug holing, smoke control systems may use carefully designed exhaust vent placements, larger vent sizes, or specific airflow controls to ensure that only the smoke layer is removed, maintaining clear and safe evacuation paths.
Stratification
Stratification occurs when a layer of warm air forms just below the roof due to solar heating. This layer can interfere with smoke detection and smoke layer behavior.
Stratified Layer Interferes with Smoke Layer
When the sun heats the roof, the air beneath it warms up and creates a thermal barrier. This warm air layer remains at the ceiling level, preventing cooler air and smoke from rising naturally.
